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Venezuelans
Venezolanos
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg
Total population
c. 33.5 million
Diaspora c. 4.1 million
0.44% of world's population
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela     28,199,867 (2016)[1][2]
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia1,641,000[3]
File:Flag of Peru.svg.png Peruc.860,000[4]
Flag of Chile.svg Chile455,494[5]
Flag of the United States.svg United States418,366[6]–500,000
Flag of Spain.svg Spain323,575 (2019)[7]
Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador263,000[8]
Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil212,000[9][10][11]
Flag of Italy.svg Italy150,000[12]
Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina131,000[13]
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic90,000[14]
File:Flag of Portugal.svg.png Portugal100,000[8]
Flag of Panama.svg Panama94,400[15]
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago40,000[16]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada34,000[citation needed]
Flag of France.svg France30,000[8]
Flag of Germany.svg Germany20,000[17][8]
Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico17,000[8]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom15,000[8]
Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba15,000[8]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia10,000[8]
File:Flag of Uruguay.svg.png Uruguay7,300[18]
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland5,000[8]
Flag of Costa Rica (state).svg Costa Rica3,000[8]
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana3,000[8]
File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates2,500[8]
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg Bolivia2,000[8]
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand2,000[8]
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden1,610[8]
Flag of the People's Republic of China China1,000[8]
Flag of Japan Japan1,000Template:Source needed
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands1,000[8]
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia1,000[8]
Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa1,000[8]
Languages
Primarily Venezuelan Spanish (96.6%)[19]
Other languages
  • Chinese (1.33%)[19]
  • Portuguese (0.84%)[19]
  • Italian (0.66%)[20]
  • Wayuu-Goajiro (0.63%), Pemon (0.1%) and other Amerindian languages (0.33%)[21]
  • Arabic (0.36%)[19]
Religion
Christian majority: Roman Catholicism (71.0%), Protestantism (Evangelicals) (22.0%), other Christians: Orthodox Church, Mormonism, Jehovah Witnesses

Irreligion, Deism, Agnosticism and Atheism: (8.0%)

minorities: Santería (1%), Muslim (0.4%), Judaism (0.05%)[22]
Related ethnic groups
Spaniards, Mestizo, Amerindians

Venezuelan people are people identified with Venezuela. Venezuelans are predominantly Roman Catholic and speak Spanish. The majority of Venezuelans are the result of a mixture of Europeans, Africans and Amerindians. Approximately 51.6% of the population are Mestizos of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, and 43.6% of Venezuelans identify as European or Middle Eastern. An additional 3.6% identify as full or partially Black/African-descendants, while 2.7% identify as fully Amerindians.[23]

Historical and ethnic aspects[]

Pre-Colombian period[]

Writing was not used in pre-Colombian times, a historical stage where various groups began to move throughout the Americas, thus making it difficult to find evidence of the people who began to populate this land. However, archaeological excavations show evidence of certain periods that were taking place on the continent.

Venezuela was probably first settled by humans 16,000 years ago, due to migration flows from other indigenous cultures of America, from the south to the Amazon, from the west through Los Andes and north by the Caribbean Sea.

There are four periods of diversity that develop in the current Venezuela, which also entering a new period, it did not mean the end of the previous.

The first migrations to the continent were probably from East Asia to 15,000 years. C. These early migrants (called forth by the generic name "Indians") came at first to be located in North America, later moving to the territory of present Venezuela. Now for their offspring, it was clear verify the Asian features on their faces that will adapt to the climate and lifestyle.

During this period, various mammals were disappearing by climatic changes already beginning to take place from 5000 years ago, so the population in the mainland, starts to move towards the coast and spread to some nearby islands, trying to find new feeding alternatives.

Colonization[]

On August 2, 1498 (516 years), Christopher Columbus, and the Spanish colonizers ships, landed for the first time in American mainland and did so in the current Venezuelan territory. With the rapid colonization process despite small local indigenous rebellions, the Spaniards manage to conquer the territory, beginning during this period the most significant crossbreeding process that will define later the social profile of the country.

With the passage of time, and the introduction of the African continent, a third race, the Africans, started to integrate into the population, creating heterogeneity in the faces of the society of the time.

During colonial centuries in Venezuela began to settle the "peninsular whites", coming directly from the Iberian Peninsula and which were those who held positions in the crown, representing only 15% of the population. Another group of whites who were born in Venezuela were originally called "Creole", representing 20% of the population: they were mostly from the Canary Islands and they worked mainly in petty trade. The other two smaller groups were the original inhabitants and indigenous blacks brought from Africa: they were about 5% of the population. Soon the original groups started to have interbreedings and this created a process of "fusion" between the different racial groups: The "brown" were descendants of the unions between Whites, Indians and Blacks and by the 18th century were the largest racial and social group being more than 60% of the population.

This process is currently responsible for the majority of Venezuelans who are of mixed race.

Current ethnic groups[]

File:German Venezuelans celebrating Oktoberfest at Colonia Tovar (Venezuela).jpg

Venezuelans of German descent from Colonia Tovar in Aragua state.

The country has a diverse population that reflects its rich history and the people that have lived here since antiquity to the present. The historic amalgam of different principal groups form the basis of the current demographics of Venezuela: the European immigrants, the Amerindian peoples, African, Asian, Middle Eastern and other recent immigrants.

Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed by the mixed population, but the remaining 500,000 currently represent more than 85 different cultures.

European immigrants were mainly Spanish colonists, but another large and growing number are descendants of Europeans (Portuguese, Italians, Germans and Americans) who migrated to the region in mid-twentieth century during the oil growth in the country. Small numbers are descendants of French, English and Polish, as they emigrated during World War II and the Cold War.

Black Africans were brought as slaves, mostly coastal lowlands, beginning early in the sixteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth century. Other immigrant populations are Asian and Middle East, particularly Lebanon, Syria and the Arab world, some Jews from southern Spain, Israel and Central European nations, East Asians like Chinese and Japanese, Dominicans, Trinidadians and Tobagonians, Haitians, Cubans, Peruvians, Argentinians, Uruguayans, Chileans, Ecuadorians and Colombians, this being the greatest social impact due to a large number of displaced individuals who entered the Venezuelan territory during the armed conflict in that country; which generated a high supply of labor, personnel and domestic economy informal.

Ethnic-somatic characteristics[]

File:Venezolanos in Bois de Boulogne Park, Québec, Cánada.jpg

Venezuelan people in Canada.

File:Boys in the river of Venezuela 2.jpg

Boys from Margarita Island, Nueva Esparta.

Currently, according to the critic D'Ambrosio and other academics,[24] about 51.6% of Venezuelans are mestizos or mulattos (called Criollos: the 40% of them are with mostly white features, 20% with mostly black features and 10% with mostly Indians features), 45% are white, 2% are black and 1% Indians.

Notably, according to these scholars, is the fact that virtually there are no pure whites, blacks nor indigenous people in Venezuela. With the exception of direct descendants of immigrants or specific indigenous tribes.

In addition, according to a genetic autosomal DNA study conducted in 2008 by the University of Brasilia (UNB), the composition of the population of Venezuela is: 60.60% European, 23% of Native American contribution and 16% of Africa's contribution.[10]

Demography[]

Main article: Demographics of Venezuela
File:Protests opposing Bolivarian Revolution in São Paulo, Brazil 12.jpg

Venezuelans in a protest against the Bolivarian Revolution in São Paulo, Brazil.

File:Venezuelan diaspora map.svg

Venezuelans in the world

The population of approximately 28 million people (in 2011) [25] made Venezuela the sixth-most populous country in Latin America (after Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina and Peru). Approximately more than one million (4-6% of the total population) are living in other countries.[26]

More than ninety percent of the Venezuelans live in urban areas – a figure significantly higher than the world average. The literacy rate (98 percent) in Venezuela is also well above the world average, and the rate of population growth slightly exceeds the world average. A large proportion of Venezuelans are young, largely because of recent decreases in the infant mortality rate. While 30 percent of the people are 14 years old or younger, just 4 percent are aged 65 or older.

Ethnic groups[]

File:Birthday of Venezuelan Family 1961.jpg

Family in 1961.

File:Children performing artistic dance - Danza artística ejecutada por niños.JPG

Venezuelan girls dancing.

The country has a diverse population that reflects its colorful history and the peoples that have resided there throughout. The historic amalgam of the different main groups forms the basics of Venezuela's current demographics: European immigrants, Amerindian peoples, Africans, Asians, Middle Easterners and other recent immigrants. The autosomal DNA genetic composition of population in Venezuela, is 60.60% of European contribution, 23% of indigenous contribution, and 16.30% of African contribution.[10]

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Moreno (Mestizo) population of Venezuela in 2011.
White population of Venezuela in 2011.
Amerindian population of Venezuela in 2011.
Black and Afrodescendant population of Venezuela in 2011.

Mestizos[]

Main article: Mestizo Venezuelan

Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed into the Mestizo population, because of the heavy mixture of European and African people. They represent over half of the country's population (about 51.6%).[23]

European or White[]

File:German Venezuelan Family.jpg

Venezuelan girl of Venezuelan father and maternal German descent.

File:Venezuelan people of Scandinavian ancestry.png

Venezuelan children of Scandinavian descent.

Main articles: European Venezuelan and History of the Jews in Venezuela

Early European settlers and post-independence immigrants were mostly Spanish colonists, but a high number of other Europeans brought in were from Portuguese, Italian, and German immigrants to the region in the middle 20th century by the Petroleum Growth, and in much smaller numbers of French, English, Polish, Russian, Greek, Scandinavian, Romanian, Ukrainian and Hungarian communities who immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War. 300,000 Italians and an equal numbers of Spaniards immigrated in the 1940s and 1950s, and earlier who were fleeing from the Spanish Civil War (1930s).

Up to 95% of Venezuelans live principally in important urban areas like Greater Caracas, Maracaibo, Maracay, Valencia, Lecheria, Barquisimeto/Cabudare, Colonia Tovar, Punto Fijo; the Andean States, Margarita Island and Araya Peninsula.[27] They represent almost half of the population with 43.6% self-identifying as ‘blanco’ (white) in the 2011 census.[23]

Black and African[]

File:NercelySotoHeat200mWomenGORio2016.jpg

Nercely Soto, afro-Venezuelan athlete.

Main article: Afro-Venezuelan

Black Africans were brought as slaves, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century, and continuing into the mid 19th century. Although they are located in almost the entire country, the Black and African population are concentrated in places where they used to be slaves and worked as farm hands on subsistence farms of plantains, cocoa, tobacco, sugar cane and cotton in the Aroa Valley, Litoral varguense, Eastern Falcon state; Gibraltar, Bobures and Palmarito in the Sur del Lago Region; and in areas where slaves would run away during Colonial Venezuela and formed cumbes, communities in mountainous and isolated areas, such as, the Sierra de Falcón, Barlovento Region (Acevedo, Andrés Bello, Brión, Buroz and Páez municipalities), Ocumare de La Costa, Choroní; El Callao and Paria Peninsula (where Afro-Trinidadian also migrated); and through Los Llanos, well dispersed in small to decent percents. They represent 3.6% of the population.[23]

Indigenous peoples[]

File:Homelessness in Venezuela.jpg

Venezuelan Wayuu family in Zulia.

Main article: Indigenous peoples in Venezuela

Before the Spanish colonization of the region that would become the country of Venezuela, the territory was the home to many different indigenous peoples. Today more than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Venezuela. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Arawakan, Cariban, and Chibchan languages families. Pure indigenous Amerindians comprise around 2 percent of the population.[28] There are 101 languages listed for Venezuela in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. Today, they're mostly located south of the Orinoco, in the Guayana Region, an area that covers half of the country but the population represents just 2.7% of Venezuelans; other important regions where they're located are on Zulia state, Apure state, the Eastern Region and Orinoco Delta.

Arab and Middle Easterner[]

Main articles: Arab Venezuelan and Lebanese Venezuelan

Arab immigration to Venezuela started as early as the 19th and 20th centuries. They came mostly from Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine. They are mostly located in the most important urban areas and Margarita Island, representing around 5% of the population in Venezuela.[29] In religion, the majority of Arab-Venezuelans are Christians who belong to the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches. There are few Muslims.

Israel has been chosen by many Venezuelan Jews, along with the United States and other countries.[30]

According to the Venezuelan Institute of Statistics, about one million Venezuelans have Syrian origins and more than 20,000 Venezuelans are registered in the Venezuelan Embassy in Damascus.[31] Other sources stated that there is around 60,000 Syrian-Venezuelans living in Syria.[32] More than 200,000 people from the Sweida area carry Venezuelan citizenship and most are members of Syria's Druze sect, who immigrated to Venezuela in the past century.[33]

Asian[]

Main articles: Chinese Venezuelan, Japanese Venezuelan, Korean Venezuelan, and Indian Venezuelan

The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Mainland China, India, Japan and Korea. The first wave of immigrants began in 1847 and consisted of mainly Cantonese immigrants; then the second wave during beginning of the 1940s and 1950s, consisted of Chinese and Japanese immigrants;[34] reaching a peak in the mid-1970s in connection with the oil boom, where Korean[35][36] and Indian immigrants (mostly Indo-Caribbeans) formed a new group to the country. Asian people represent around 1% of the Venezuelan population.

The Chinese in Venezuela are the 4th largest diaspora in the Americas after the United States, Canada and Peru.[citation needed]

Religion[]

Main article: Religion in Venezuela
Religious affiliation in Venezuela. (2011)[22][37]
Affiliation % of Venezuela population
Christian 88.3 88.3
 
Catholic 71 71
 
Protestant 17 17
 
Mormon 0.3 0.3
 
Non-Christian faiths 2.7 2.7
 
Jewish 0.05 0.05
 
Muslim 0.4 0.4
 
Santería 1 1
 
Other Non-Christian faiths 1.25 1.25
 
Unaffiliated 9 9
 
Agnostic/indifferent 6 6
 
Atheist 2 2
 
Don't know/refused answer 1 1
 
Total 100 100
 

According to a 2011 poll, 88.3 percent of the population is Christian, primarily Roman Catholic (71%), 17 percent Protestant, and the remaining 0.03 percent Mormons (LDS Church).[38] The Venezuelans without religion are 9% (atheist 2%, agnostic or indifferent 6% and doesn't know/doesn't respond 1% ), almost 3% of the population follow other religions (1% of them are of santeria).[22][37]

See also[]

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  • List of notable Venezuelans
  • Culture of Venezuela
  • Venezuelan Americans
  • Venezuelans in Spain
  • Venezuelans in Uruguay
  • Venezuelan Mexicans
  • Bolivarian diaspora
  • Latin Americans
  • Race and ethnicity in Latin America

References[]

Template:Citation style

  1. ""World Population Prospects 2022"". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  2. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  3. https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/09/18/los-venezolanos-ya-son-el-34-de-la-poblacion-total-de-colombia/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. "INEI: 8 de cada 10 extranjeros en el Perú son venezolanos". La República. 23 December 2019.
  5. "Según estimaciones, la cantidad de personas extranjeras residentes habituales en Chile bordea los 1,5 millones al 31 de diciembre de 2019". INE. 12 March 2020.
  6. "US Census Bureau 2017 American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN". Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved July 7, 2019.[permanent dead link]
  7. Template:Cita web
  8. 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 "Últimas Noticias (2014), Venezolanos en el exterior".
  9. "Entidade da ONU estima que mais de 30 mil venezuelanos já fugiram para o Brasil - Internacional - Estadão".
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira (2008). "O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas". Universidade de Brasília. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  11. https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2019/10/29/numero-de-refugiados-e-migrantes-venezuelanos-no-mundo-vai-superar-em-breve-o-de-sirios.ghtml. Retrieved 3 November 2019. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. http://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/mundo/america-latina/venezuela-es/article2039010.html/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. "Argentina es la nueva Miami de América Latina para los venezolanos". El Nacional (in Spanish). 5 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  14. Template:Cite News
  15. DW https://www.dw.com/es/onu-ya-son-3-millones-los-migrantes-venezolanos-en-el-mundo/a-46217900. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. "Trinidad and Tobago organizations need help to support Venezuelan refugees". Local10. 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  17. "Trinidad and Tobago organizations need help to support Venezuelan refugees". Local10. 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  18. "Venezolanos en Uruguay". Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Venezuela". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  20. Bernasconi, Giulia (2012). "L'Italiano in Venezuela". Italiano LinguaDue (in Italian). Università degli Studi di Milano. 3 (2): 20. doi:10.13130/2037-3597/1921. Retrieved 22 January 2017. L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese
  21. https://www.ethnologue.com/country/VE/languages Indigenous languages in Venezuela
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 Aguire, Jesus Maria (June 2012). "Informe Sociográfico sobre la religión en Venezuela" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Centro Gumilla. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo 2014)" (PDF). Ine.gov.ve. p. 29. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  24. D'Ambrosio, B. L'emigrazione italiana nel Venezuela. Edizioni "Universitá degli Studi di Genova". Genova, 1981 Aspectos etnico-somaticos de la poblacion venezolana en 1981 (in Spanish)
  25. "Ine.gob.ve" (PDF).
  26. "Altag.net". Archived from the original on 2014-10-02. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
  27. "Censos de población y vivienda". www.ine.gob.ve.
  28. "Intute  – World Guide  – Venezuela". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
  29. Margolis, Mac (15 September 2013). "Abdel el-Zabayar: From Parliament to the Frontlines". The Daily Beast.
  30. Post-Chavez, Venezuelan Jews plant roots elsewhere - The Times of Israel.
  31. Gomez, Diego (Feb 2012). "EL LEVANTE Y AMÉRICA LATINA. UNA BITÁCORA DE LATINOAMÉRICA EN SIRIA, LÍBANO, JORDANIA Y PALESTINA". distintaslatitudes.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 January 2017. de acuerdo con el Instituto de Estadística de Venezuela, cerca de un millón de venezolanos tienen orígenes sirios y más de 20 mil venezolanos están registrados en el catastro del consulado sudamericano en Damasco.
  32. Vasquez, Fidel (October 2010). "Venezuela afianza relaciones con Siria" (in Spanish). Aristobulo Isturiz PSUV. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017. en Siria residen más de 60 mil ciudadanos sirio-venezolanos.
  33. "Chavez tells Israelis to disobey 'genocidal' govt". 26 September News. Sep 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2017. More than 200,000 people from the Sweida area carry Venezuelan citizenship and most are members of Syria's Druse sect, who immigrated to Venezuela in the past century.
  34. Adachi, Nobuko (3 October 2006). Japanese Diasporas: Unsung Pasts, Conflicting Presents and Uncertain Futures. Routledge. ISBN 9781135987237 – via Google Books.
  35. Lim, Byung-Keun. "Photos Show Daily Lives of S. Korean Residents in Venezuela: "Kyopo: Koreans in Venezuela"". The Seoul Times. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  36. Lim, Byung-Keun. "Venezuelans Excited about Korean Culture". Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  37. 37.0 37.1 "Venezuela".
  38. "LDS Starics". Mormon Newsroom.

External links[]

Template:Ethnic groups in Venezuela Template:Venezuelan diaspora

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