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2024

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  2023 (Friday)
  2022 (Thursday)
  2021 (Wednesday)
  2020 (Tuesday)
  2019 (Sunday)
  2018 (Saturday)
  2017 (Friday)
  2016 (Thursday)
  2015 (Tuesday)
  2014 (Monday)

March 31 is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. 275 days remain until the end of the year.

It is the last day of the first quarter of the year.

Events[]

  • 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Maximian.[1]
  • 1146Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging the necessity of a Second Crusade. Louis VII is present, and joins the Crusade.[2]
  • 1492 – Queen Isabella of Castile issues the Alhambra Decree, ordering her 150,000 Jewish and Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity or face expulsion.
  • 1561 – The city of San Cristóbal, Táchira is founded.
  • 1717 – A sermon on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" by Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, preached in the presence of King George I of Great Britain, provokes the Bangorian Controversy.[3]
  • 1774American Revolutionary War: The Kingdom of Great Britain orders the port of Boston, Massachusetts closed pursuant to the Boston Port Act.
  • 1854Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Tokugawa Shogunate, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.
  • 1885 – The United Kingdom establishes the Bechuanaland Protectorate.
  • 1889 – The Eiffel Tower is officially opened.[4]
  • 1899 – Malolos, capital of the First Philippine Republic, is captured by American forces.[5]
  • 1906 – The Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (later the National Collegiate Athletic Association) is established to set rules for college sports in the United States.
  • 1909 – Serbia formally withdraws its opposition to Austro-Hungarian actions in the Bosnian Crisis.
  • 1913 – The Vienna Concert Society rioted during a performance of modernist music by Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Alexander von Zemlinsky, and Anton von Webern, causing a premature end to the concert due to violence; this concert became known as the Skandalkonzert.
  • 1917 – According to the terms of the Treaty of the Danish West Indies, the islands become American possessions.
  • 1918Massacre of ethnic Azerbaijanis is committed by allied armed groups of Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Bolsheviks. Nearly 12,000 Azerbaijani Muslims are killed.
  • 1918 – Daylight saving time goes into effect in the United States for the first time.
  • 1921 – The Royal Australian Air Force is formed.
  • 1930 – The Motion Picture Production Code is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in film, in the U.S., for the next thirty-eight years.
  • 1931 – An earthquake in Nicaragua destroys Managua; killing 2,000.
  • 1931 – A Transcontinental & Western Air airliner crashes near Bazaar, Kansas, killing eight, including University of Notre Dame head football coach Knute Rockne.
  • 1933 – The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United States.
  • 1942World War II: Japanese forces invade Christmas Island, then a British possession.
  • 1945 – World War II: A defecting German pilot delivers a Messerschmitt Me 262A-1, the world's first operational jet-powered fighter aircraft, to the Americans, the first to fall into Allied hands.
  • 1949 – The Dominion of Newfoundland joins the Canadian Confederation and becomes the 10th Province of Canada.
  • 1951Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau.
  • 1957Elections to the Territorial Assembly of the French colony Upper Volta are held. After the elections PDU and MDV form a government.
  • 1958 – In the Canadian federal election, the Progressive Conservatives, led by John Diefenbaker, win the largest percentage of seats in Canadian history, with 208 seats of 265.
  • 1959 – The 14th Dalai Lama, crosses the border into India and is granted political asylum.
  • 1964 – Brazilian General Olímpio Mourão Filho orders his troops to move towards Rio de Janeiro, beginning the coup d'état.
  • 1966 – The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon.
  • 1968 – American President Lyndon B. Johnson speaks to the nation of "Steps to Limit the War in Vietnam" in a television address. At the conclusion of his speech, he announces: "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President."[6]
  • 1970Explorer 1 re-enters the Earth's atmosphere after 12 years in orbit.
  • 1980 – The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad operates its final train after being ordered to liquidate its assets because of bankruptcy and debts owed to creditors.
  • 1985 – The first WrestleMania, the biggest wrestling event from the WWE (then the WWF), takes place in Madison Square Garden in New York City.
  • 1990 – Approximately 200,000 protesters take to the streets of London to protest against the newly introduced Poll Tax.
  • 1991Georgian independence referendum: Nearly 99 percent of the voters support the country's independence from the Soviet Union.
  • 1992 – The USS Missouri, the last active United States Navy battleship, is decommissioned in Long Beach, California.
  • 1992 – The Treaty of Federation is signed in Moscow.
  • 1995TAROM Flight 371, an Airbus A310-300, crashes near Balotesti, Romania, killing all 60 people on board.
  • 1995 – Selena is murdered by her fan club's president Yolanda Saldívar at a Days Inn in Corpus Christi, Texas after accusations of Saldívar embezzling money from Selena's fan club.
  • 1998Netscape releases Mozilla source code under an open source license.
  • 2004Iraq War in Anbar Province: In Fallujah, Iraq, four American private military contractors working for Blackwater USA, are killed after being ambushed.
  • 2018 – Start of the 2018 Armenian revolution.

Births[]

  • 1360Philippa of Lancaster (d. 1415)
  • 1499Pope Pius IV (d. 1565)[7]
  • 1504Guru Angad, Indian religious leader (d. 1552)
  • 1519Henry II of France (d. 1559)[8]
  • 1536Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shōgun (d. 1565)
  • 1596René Descartes, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1650)[9]
  • 1601Jakov Mikalja, Italian linguist and lexicographer (d. 1654)
  • 1621Andrew Marvell, English poet and politician (d. 1678)
  • 1651Charles II, Elector Palatine, German husband of Princess Wilhelmine Ernestine of Denmark (d. 1685)
  • 1675Pope Benedict XIV (d. 1758)
  • 1718Mariana Victoria of Spain (d. 1781)
  • 1723Frederick V of Denmark (d. 1766)
  • 1730Étienne Bézout, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1783)
  • 1732Joseph Haydn, Austrian pianist and composer (d. 1809)
  • 1740Panoutsos Notaras, Greek politician (d. 1849)
  • 1747Johann Abraham Peter Schulz, German pianist and composer (d. 1800)
  • 1777Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist and engineer (d. 1859)
  • 1778Coenraad Jacob Temminck, Dutch zoologist and ornithologist (d. 1858)
  • 1794Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan, American lawyer and politician, 2nd United States Secretary of the Interior (d. 1852)
  • 1809Edward FitzGerald, English poet and translator (d. 1883)
  • 1809 – Nikolai Gogol, Ukrainian-Russian short story writer, novelist, and playwright (d. 1852)
  • 1809 – Otto Lindblad, Swedish composer (d. 1864)
  • 1813Félix María Zuloaga, Mexican general and unconstitutional interim president (1858 and 1860–1862) (d. 1898)[10]
  • 1819Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (d. 1901)
  • 1823Mary Boykin Chesnut, American author (d. 1886)
  • 1833Mary Abigail Dodge, American writer and essayist (d. 1896)
  • 1835John La Farge, American artist (d. 1910)
  • 1847Hermann de Pourtalès, Swiss sailor (d. 1904)
  • 1847 – Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev, Russian mathematician and theorist (d. 1878)
  • 1851Francis Bell, Jewish New Zealand lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1936)
  • 1855Alfred E. Hunt, American businessman (d. 1899)
  • 1859Emil Fenyvessy, Hungarian actor and screenwriter (d. 1924)
  • 1865Anandi Gopal Joshi, Indian physician (d. 1887)
  • 1871Arthur Griffith, Irish journalist and politician, 3rd President of Dáil Éireann (d. 1922)
  • 1872Sergei Diaghilev, Russian ballet manager and critic, founded the Ballets Russes (d. 1929)
  • 1874Benjamín G. Hill, Mexican revolutionary general, governor of Sonora (d. 1920)
  • 1874 – Henri Marteau, French violinist and composer (d. 1934)
  • 1876Borisav Stanković, Serbian author (d. 1927)
  • 1878Jack Johnson, American boxer (d. 1946)
  • 1884Adriaan van Maanen, Dutch-American astronomer and academic (d. 1946)
  • 1885Pascin, Sephardi Jewish Bulgarian-American painter and illustrator (d. 1930)
  • 1890Ben Adams, American jumper (d. 1961)
  • 1890 – William Lawrence Bragg, Australian-English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
  • 1891Victor Varconi, Hungarian-American actor and director (d. 1976)
  • 1893Clemens Krauss, Austrian conductor and manager (d. 1954)
  • 1893 – Herbert Meinhard Mühlpfordt, German physician and historian (d. 1982)
  • 1895Vardis Fisher, American author and academic (d. 1968)
  • 1900Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1974)
  • 1905Robert Stevenson, English director and screenwriter (d. 1986)
  • 1905 – George Treweek, Australian rugby league player (d. 1991)
  • 1906Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Japanese physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
  • 1908Red Norvo, American vibraphone player and composer (d. 1999)
  • 1911Freddie Green, American guitarist (d. 1987)
  • 1911 – Elisabeth Grümmer, German soprano (d. 1986)
  • 1912William Lederer, American soldier and author (d. 2009)
  • 1913Etta Baker, African-American singer and guitarist (d. 2006)
  • 1914Octavio Paz, Mexican poet and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
  • 1914 – Dagmar Lange, Swedish author (d. 1991)
  • 1915Albert Hourani, English historian and author (d. 1993)
  • 1915 – Shoichi Yokoi, Japanese sergeant (d. 1997)
  • 1916Lucille Bliss, American voice actress (d. 2012)
  • 1916 – Tommy Bolt, American golfer (d. 2008)
  • 1916 – John H. Wood, Jr., American lawyer and judge (d. 1979)
  • 1917Dorothy DeLay, American violinist and educator (d. 2002)
  • 1918Ted Post, American director (d. 2013)
  • 1919Frank Akins, American football player (d. 1993)
  • 1920Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, British aristocrat, socialite and author (d. 2014)
  • 1921Lowell Fulson, African-American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1999)
  • 1921 – Peggy Rea, American actress and casting director (d. 2011)
  • 1922Richard Kiley, American actor and singer (d. 1999)
  • 1922 – Patrick Magee, Irish actor (d. 1982)
  • 1923Don Barksdale, American basketball player (d. 1993)[11]
  • 1923 – François Sermon, Belgian footballer (d. 2013)
  • 1924Leo Buscaglia, American author and academic (d. 1998)
  • 1924 – Charles Guggenheim, American director and producer (d. 2002)
  • 1925Jean Coutu, Canadian actor and director (d. 1999)
  • 1926John Fowles, English novelist (d. 2005)
  • 1926 – Beni Montresor, Italian director, set designer, author, and illustrator (d. 2001)
  • 1926 – Rocco Petrone, American colonel and engineer (d. 2006)
  • 1927Cesar Chavez, American labor union leader and activist (d. 1993)
  • 1927 – William Daniels, American actor
  • 1927 – Eduardo Martínez Somalo, Spanish cardinal
  • 1927 – Vladimir Ilyushin, Russian pilot (d. 2010)
  • 1927 – Elmer Diedtrich, American businessman and politician (d. 2013)
  • 1927 – Bud MacPherson, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1988)
  • 1928Lefty Frizzell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1975)
  • 1928 – Gordie Howe, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2016)
  • 1929Liz Claiborne, Belgian-American fashion designer, founded Liz Claiborne Inc. (d. 2007)
  • 1929 – Bert Fields, American lawyer and author
  • 1930Yehuda Nir, Polish Jewish-American psychiatrist (d. 2014)
  • 1930 – Jim Mutscheller, American football player and coach (d. 2015)
  • 1931Miller Barber, American golfer (d. 2013)
  • 1931 – Tamara Tyshkevich, Belarusian shot putter (d. 1997)
  • 1932John Jakes, American author
  • 1932 – Nagisa Oshima, Japanese director and screenwriter (d. 2013)
  • 1933Anita Carter, American singer-songwriter and bassist (d. 1999)
  • 1933 – Nichita Stănescu, Romanian poet (d. 1983)
  • 1934Richard Chamberlain, American actor
  • 1934 – Shirley Jones, American actress and singer
  • 1934 – John D. Loudermilk, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2016)
  • 1934 – Carlo Rubbia, Italian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
  • 1934 – Kamala Surayya, Indian poet and author (d. 2009)
  • 1935Herb Alpert, American singer-songwriter, trumpet player, and producer
  • 1935 – Judith Rossner, Jewish-American author (d. 2005)
  • 1936Marge Piercy, American poet and novelist
  • 1936 – Walter E. Williams, American economist and academic
  • 1938Patrick Bateson, English biologist and academic (d. 2017)
  • 1938 – Sheila Dikshit, Indian politician, 22nd Governor of Kerala (d. 2019)
  • 1938 – Antje Gleichfeld, German runner
  • 1938 – Bill Hicke, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2005)
  • 1938 – Tõnno Lepmets, Estonian basketball player (d. 2005)
  • 1938 – Arthur B. Rubinstein, American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 2018)
  • 1938 – David Steel, Scottish academic and politician
  • 1939Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Georgian anthropologist and politician, 1st President of Georgia (d. 1993)
  • 1939 – Israel Horovitz, American actor, director, and screenwriter
  • 1939 – Walker David Miller, American lawyer and judge (d. 2013)
  • 1939 – Volker Schlöndorff, German director and producer
  • 1939 – Karl-Heinz Schnellinger, German footballer
  • 1940Brian Ackland-Snow, English production designer and art director (d. 2013)
  • 1940 – Barney Frank, American lawyer and politician
  • 1940 – Patrick Leahy, American lawyer and politician
  • 1941Franco Bonvicini, Italian author and illustrator (d. 1995)
  • 1941 – Faith Leech, Australian swimmer (d. 2013)
  • 1942Ulla Hoffmann, Swedish politician
  • 1942 – Hugh McCracken, American guitarist and producer (d. 2013)
  • 1942 – Michael Savage, far-right American radio host and author
  • 1943Roy Andersson, Swedish director and screenwriter
  • 1943 – Deirdre Clancy, English costume designer
  • 1943 – Christopher Walken, American actor
  • 1944Pascal Danel, French singer-songwriter
  • 1944 – Angus King, American politician
  • 1944 – Mick Ralphs, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1945Edwin Catmull, American computer scientist and engineer
  • 1945 – Gabe Kaplan, American actor and comedian
  • 1945 – Myfanwy Talog, Welsh actress (d. 1995)
  • 1946Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan baseball player (d. 1984)
  • 1946 – Bob Russell, English politician
  • 1947Augustin Banyaga, Rwandan-American mathematician and academic
  • 1947 – Wendy Overton, American tennis player
  • 1947 – Kristian Blak, Danish-Faroese pianist, composer, and producer
  • 1947 – Don Foster, English academic and politician
  • 1947 – César Gaviria, Colombian economist and politician, 36th President of Colombia
  • 1947 – Eliyahu M. Goldratt, Israeli physicist and economist (d. 2011)
  • 1948Gary Doer, Canadian politician and diplomat, 20th Premier of Manitoba
  • 1948 – Al Gore, American soldier and politician, 45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Prize laureate
  • 1948 – Rhea Perlman, American actress
  • 1948 – Gustaaf Van Cauter, Belgian cyclist
  • 1949Gilles Gilbert, Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1950András Adorján, Hungarian chess player and author
  • 1950 – Ed Marinaro, American football player and actor
  • 1950 – Sandra Morgen, American anthropologist and academic (d. 2016)[12]
  • 1953Dennis Kamakahi, American guitarist and composer (d. 2014)
  • 1955Svetozar Marović, President of Serbia and Montenegro
  • 1955 – Angus Young, Scottish-Australian guitarist and songwriter
  • 1957Alan Duncan, English businessman and politician, former Shadow Leader of the House of Commons
  • 1959Markus Hediger, Swiss poet and translator
  • 1961Ron Brown, American sprinter and football player
  • 1961 – Howard Gordon, American screenwriter and producer
  • 1962Olli Rehn, Finnish footballer and politician
  • 1963Paul Mercurio, Australian actor and dancer
  • 1964Mark Hoban, English accountant and politician
  • 1965Tom Barrasso, American ice hockey player and coach
  • 1965 – Patty Fendick, American tennis player and coach
  • 1965 – Jean-Christophe Lafaille, French mountaineer (d. 2006)
  • 1965 – William McNamara, American actor and producer
  • 1965 – Steven T. Seagle, American author and screenwriter
  • 1966Roger Black, English runner and journalist
  • 1966 – Nick Firestone, American race car driver
  • 1968César Sampaio, Brazilian footballer
  • 1969Nyamko Sabuni, Burundian-Swedish politician
  • 1969 – Steve Smith, American basketball player and sportscaster
  • 1970Alenka Bratušek, Slovenian politician, 7th Prime Minister of Slovenia
  • 1971Demetris Assiotis, Cypriot footballer
  • 1971 – Martin Atkinson, English footballer and referee
  • 1971 – Pavel Bure, Russian ice hockey player
  • 1971 – Craig McCracken, American animator, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1971 – Ewan McGregor, Scottish actor
  • 1972Alejandro Amenábar, Chilean-Spanish director and screenwriter
  • 1972 – Andrew Bowen, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1972 – Luca Gentili, Italian footballer and coach
  • 1972 – Evan Williams, American businessman, co-founded Twitter and Pyra Labs
  • 1973Christopher Hampson, English ballet dancer and choreographer
  • 1974Benjamin Eicher, German director, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1974 – Natali, Russian singer, composer and songwriter[13]
  • 1974 – Stefan Olsdal, Swedish bass player
  • 1974 – Jani Sievinen, Finnish swimmer
  • 1975Adam Green, American director, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1975 – Nathan Grey, Australian rugby player and coach
  • 1975 – Cameron Murray, Scottish rugby player[14]
  • 1975 – Ryan Rupe, American baseball player
  • 1976Howard Frier, American basketball player
  • 1976 – Igors Sļesarčuks, Latvian-Russian footballer
  • 1976 – Graeme Smith, Scottish swimmer
  • 1977Toshiya, Japanese bass player, songwriter, and producer
  • 1977 – Garth Tander, Australian race car driver
  • 1978Michael Clark, Australian cricketer and footballer
  • 1978 – Stephen Clemence, English footballer, midfeider and manager[15]
  • 1978 – Jarrod Cooper, American football player
  • 1978 – Jérôme Rothen, French footballer
  • 1979Omri Afek, Israeli footballer
  • 1979 – Euan Burton, Scottish martial artist and coach[16]
  • 1979 – Alexis Ferrero, Argentinian footballer
  • 1979 – Charlie Manning, American baseball player
  • 1979 – Jonna Mendes, American skier[17]
  • 1979 – Rhys Wesser, Australian rugby league player
  • 1980Martin Albrechtsen, Danish footballer
  • 1980 – Karolina Lassbo, Swedish lawyer and blogger
  • 1980 – Matias Concha, Swedish footballer
  • 1980 – Kate Micucci, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress
  • 1980 – Michael Ryder, Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1981Ryan Bingham, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1981 – Thomas Chatelle, Belgian footballer
  • 1981 – Han Tae-you, South Korean footballer
  • 1981 – Pa Dembo Touray, Gambian footballer
  • 1981 – Maarten van der Weijden, Dutch swimmer
  • 1982Tal Ben Haim, Israeli footballer
  • 1982 – Bam Childress, American football player
  • 1982 – Audrey Kawasaki, American painter
  • 1983Hashim Amla, South African cricketer
  • 1983 – Ashleigh Ball, Canadian voice actress and musician
  • 1983 – Sophie Hunger, Swiss-German musician
  • 1983 – Vlasios Maras, Greek gymnast
  • 1983 – Nigel Plum, Australian rugby league player
  • 1984David Clarkson, Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1984 – Eddie Johnson, American soccer player[18]
  • 1984 – James Jones, American football player
  • 1984 – Martins Dukurs, Latvian sled racer
  • 1984 – Kaie Kand, Estonian heptathlete
  • 1984 – Alberto Junior Rodríguez, Peruvian footballer
  • 1984 – Ed Williamson, English rugby player[19]
  • 1985Steve Bernier, Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1985 – Jo-Lonn Dunbar, American football player
  • 1985 – Jesper Hansen, Danish footballer
  • 1985 – Ivan Mishyn, Ukrainian race car driver
  • 1985 – Kory Sheets, American football player
  • 1985 – Jalmar Sjöberg, Swedish wrestler
  • 1986Andreas Dober, Austrian footballer
  • 1986 – James King, Scottish rugby player
  • 1986 – Paulo Machado, Portuguese footballer
  • 1987Nordin Amrabat, Dutch footballer
  • 1987 – Hugo Ayala, Mexican footballer
  • 1987 – Amaury Bischoff, Portuguese footballer
  • 1987 – Humpy Koneru, Indian chess player
  • 1987 – Kirill Starkov, Danish ice hockey player
  • 1987 – Nelli Zhiganshina, Russian figure skater
  • 1988Thomas De Corte, Belgian footballer
  • 1988 – Conrad Sewell, Australian singer and songwriter
  • 1988 – Dorin Dickerson, American football player
  • 1988 – DeAndre Liggins, American basketball player[20]
  • 1988 – Louis van der Westhuizen, Namibian cricketer
  • 1989Alberto Martín Romo García Adámez, Spanish footballer
  • 1989 – Nejc Vidmar, Slovenian footballer
  • 1989 – Liu Zige, Chinese swimmer
  • 1990George Iloka, American football player[21]
  • 1990 – Sandra Roma, Swedish tennis player[22]
  • 1990 – Bang Yong-guk, South Korean rapper
  • 1991Milan Milanović, Serbian footballer
  • 1991 – Rodney Sneijder, Dutch footballer
  • 1992Stijn de Looijer, Dutch footballer
  • 1992 – Adam Zampa, Australian cricketer
  • 1993Mikael Ishak, Swedish footballer
  • 1994Samira Asghari, Afghan member of the International Olympic Committee[23]
  • 1994 – Tyler Wright, Australian surfer
  • 1994 – Mads Würtz Schmidt, Danish road cyclist[24]
  • 1995Fiona Brown, footballer[25]
  • 1998Jakob Chychrun, American-born Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1999Japhet Tanganga, English footballer[26]

Deaths[]

  • 32 BCTitus Pomponius Atticus, Roman nobleman of the Equestrian order (b. 109 BC)
  • 528Xiaoming, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 510)
  • 963Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Saffarid emir (b. 906)
  • 1241Pousa, voivode of Transylvania
  • 1251William of Modena, Italian bishop and diplomat
  • 1340Ivan I of Moscow, Russian Grand Duke (b. 1288)
  • 1342Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro, Italian Augustinian monk
  • 1462Isidore II of Constantinople, patriarch of Constantinople
  • 1491Bonaventura Tornielli, Italian Roman Catholic priest (b. 1411)
  • 1547Francis I, French king (b. 1494)[27]
  • 1567Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (b. 1504)
  • 1621Philip III, Spanish king (b. 1578)
  • 1622Gonzalo Méndez de Canço, Royal Governor of La Florida (b. 1554)
  • 1631John Donne, English lawyer and poet (b. 1572)
  • 1671Anne Hyde, wife of James II of England (b. 1637)
  • 1723Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, English soldier and politician, 14th Colonial Governor of New York (b. 1661)
  • 1741Pieter Burman the Elder, Dutch scholar and author (b. 1668)
  • 1751Frederick, Prince of Wales, Hanoverian-born heir to the British throne (b. 1707)[28][better source needed]
  • 1797Olaudah Equiano, Nigerian merchant, author, and activist (b.1745)
  • 1837John Constable, English painter and educator (b. 1776)
  • 1850John C. Calhoun, American lawyer and politician, 7th Vice President of the United States (b. 1782)
  • 1855Charlotte Brontë, English novelist and poet (b. 1816)
  • 1877Antoine Augustin Cournot, French mathematician and philosopher (b. 1801)
  • 1880Henryk Wieniawski, Polish violinist and composer (b. 1835)
  • 1885Franz Abt, German composer and conductor (b. 1819)
  • 1907Galusha A. Grow, American lawyer and politician, 28th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1823)
  • 1910Jean Moréas, Greek poet, essayist and art critic (b. 1856)
  • 1913J. P. Morgan, American banker and financier (b. 1837)
  • 1915Wyndham Halswelle, English-Scottish runner and captain (b. 1882)
  • 1917Emil von Behring, German physiologist and immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1854)
  • 1924George Charles Haité, English painter and illustrator (b. 1855)
  • 1927Kang Youwei, Chinese scholar and political reformer (b. 1858)
  • 1930Ludwig Schüler, German politician, Mayor of Marburg (b. 1836)
  • 1931Knute Rockne, American football player and coach (b. 1888)
  • 1935Georges V. Matchabelli, Georgian-American businessman and diplomat, founded Prince Matchabelli perfume (b. 1885)
  • 1939Ioannis Tsangaridis, Greek general (b. 1887)
  • 1944Mineichi Koga, Japanese admiral (b. 1885)
  • 1945Frank Findlay, New Zealand banker and politician (b. 1884)
  • 1945 – Hans Fischer, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
  • 1950Robert Natus, Estonian architect (b. 1890)
  • 1952Wallace H. White, Jr., American lawyer and politician (b. 1877)
  • 1956Ralph DePalma, Italian-American race car driver and actor (b. 1884)
  • 1968Grover Lowdermilk, American baseball player (b. 1885)
  • 1970Semyon Timoshenko, Soviet Commander during the Winter War and the Eastern Front of World War II (b. 1894)
  • 1975Percy Alliss, English golfer (b. 1897)
  • 1976Paul Strand, American photographer and director (b. 1890)
  • 1978Astrid Allwyn, American actress (b. 1905)[29]
  • 1978 – Charles Herbert Best, American-Canadian physiologist and biochemist, co-discovered Insulin (b. 1899)
  • 1980Vladimír Holan, Czech poet and author (b. 1905)
  • 1980 – Jesse Owens, American sprinter and long jumper (b. 1913)[30]
  • 1981Enid Bagnold, English author and playwright (b. 1889)
  • 1983Christina Stead, Australian author and academic (b. 1902)
  • 1986Jerry Paris, American actor and director (b. 1925)
  • 1988William McMahon, Australian lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
  • 1993Brandon Lee, American actor and martial artist (b. 1965)
  • 1993 – Mitchell Parish, Lithuanian-American songwriter (b. 1900)
  • 1995Selena, American singer-songwriter (b. 1971)
  • 1996Dante Giacosa, Italian automobile designer and engineer (b. 1905)
  • 1996 – Jeffrey Lee Pierce, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1958)
  • 1998Bella Abzug, American lawyer, activist, and politician (b. 1920)
  • 1998 – Tim Flock, American race car driver (b. 1924)
  • 1998 – Joel Ryce-Menuhin, American pianist (b. 1933)
  • 1999Yuri Knorozov, Russian linguist and ethnographer (b. 1922)
  • 2001David Rocastle, English footballer (b. 1967)
  • 2001 – Clifford Shull, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)[31]
  • 2002Barry Took, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1928)
  • 2002 – Moturu Udayam, Indian activist and politician (b. 1924)
  • 2003Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, English-Canadian mathematician and academic (b. 1907)
  • 2003 – Anne Gwynne, American actress (b. 1918)[32]
  • 2003 – Tommy Seebach, Danish singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (b. 1949)
  • 2004Scott Helvenston, American soldier (b. 1965)
  • 2005Stanley J. Korsmeyer, American oncologist and academic (b. 1951)
  • 2005 – Justiniano Montano, Filipino lawyer and politician (b. 1905)
  • 2005 – Frank Perdue, American businessman (b. 1920)
  • 2006Jackie McLean, American saxophonist and composer (b. 1931)
  • 2007Paul Watzlawick, Austrian-American psychologist and philosopher (b. 1921)
  • 2008Jules Dassin, American director, producer, screenwriter, and actor (b. 1911)
  • 2008 – Bill Keightley, American equipment manager (b. 1926)
  • 2009Raúl Alfonsín, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 46th President of Argentina (b. 1927)[33]
  • 2009 – Choor Singh, Indian-Singaporean lawyer and judge (b. 1911)
  • 2011Gil Clancy, American boxer and trainer (b. 1922)
  • 2011 – Alan Fitzgerald, Australian journalist and author (b. 1935)
  • 2011 – Mary Greyeyes, the first First Nations woman to join the Canadian Armed Forces (b. 1920)[34]
  • 2011 – Oddvar Hansen, Norwegian footballer and coach (b. 1921)
  • 2011 – Ishbel MacAskill, Scottish singer and actress (b. 1941)
  • 2011 – Henry Taub, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1927)
  • 2012Judith Adams, New Zealand-Australian nurse and politician (b. 1943)
  • 2012 – Dale R. Corson, American physicist and academic (b. 1914)
  • 2012 – Bernard O. Gruenke, American stained glass artist (b. 1914)
  • 2012 – Jerry Lynch, American baseball player (b. 1930)
  • 2012 – Alberto Sughi, Italian painter (b. 1928)
  • 2012 – Halbert White, American economist and academic (b. 1950)[35]
  • 2013Charles Amarin Brand, French archbishop (b. 1920)
  • 2013 – Ernie Bridge, Australian singer and politician (b. 1936)
  • 2013 – Bob Clarke, American illustrator (b. 1926)
  • 2013 – Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer and politician, Iranian Minister of Interior (b. 1917)
  • 2013 – Dmitri Uchaykin, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1980)
  • 2014Gonzalo Anes, Spanish economist, historian, and academic (b. 1931)
  • 2014 – Roger Somville, Belgian painter (b. 1923)
  • 2015Betty Churcher, Australian painter, historian, and curator (b. 1931)
  • 2015 – Cocoa Fujiwara, Japanese author and illustrator (b. 1983)
  • 2015 – Carlos Gaviria Díaz, Colombian lawyer and politician (b. 1937)
  • 2015 – Dalibor Vesely, Czech-English historian, author, and academic (b. 1934)
  • 2016Ronnie Corbett, Scottish comedian, actor and screenwriter (b. 1930)
  • 2016 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German politician (b. 1927)
  • 2016 – Zaha Hadid, Iraqi-born English architect and academic, designed the Bridge Pavilion (b. 1950)
  • 2016 – Imre Kertész, Hungarian author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1929)
  • 2016 – Denise Robertson, British writer and television broadcaster (b. 1932)
  • 2017Gilbert Baker, American artist and LGBT rights activist (b. 1951)
  • 2017 – James Rosenquist, American artist (b. 1933)
  • 2019Nipsey Hussle, American rapper (b. 1985)[36]

Holidays and observances[]

  • Cesar Chavez Day (United States)
  • Christian feast day
    • Abdas of Susa
    • Acathius of Melitene (Eastern Orthodox Church)
    • Anesius and companions
    • Benjamin
    • Balbina
    • John Donne (Anglican Communion, Lutheran)
    • March 31 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  • Day of Genocide of Azerbaijanis (Azerbaijan)
  • Freedom Day (Malta)
  • International Transgender Day of Visibility
  • King Nangklao Memorial Day (Thailand)
  • Thomas Mundy Peterson Day (New Jersey, United States)
  • Transfer Day (US Virgin Islands)
  • World Backup Day

References[]

  1. Carol Humphrey Vivian Sutherland (1966). The Roman Imperial Coinage: Constantine and Licinius: A.D. 313-337, by P. M. Bruun. Spink. p. 25.
  2. James J. Spigelman (2004). Becket & Henry: The Becket Lectures. James Spigelman. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-646-43477-3.
  3. Benjamin Hoadly (1855). The Nature of the Kingdom, Or Church, of Christ. A Sermon Preached Before King George I, at the Royal Chapel at St. James's, on Sunday, March 31, 1717. Unitarian Tract Society. p. 1.
  4. Lucien Herve (2003). The Eiffel Tower. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-56898-372-1.
  5. Jerry Keenan (2001). Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine-American Wars. ABC-CLIO. pp. 223. ISBN 978-1-57607-093-2.
  6. "Remarks on Decision not to Seek Re-Election (March 31, 1968)". The Miller Center, University of Virginia. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  7. Philippe Levillain (2002). The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies. Psychology Press. p. 1175. ISBN 978-0-415-92230-2.
  8. Pierre Bayle (1738). A General Dictionary, Historical and Criticalurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WhZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA94. J. Bettenham. p. 94.
  9. John Cottingham; Professor of Philosophy John Cottingham (25 September 1992). The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-36696-0.
  10. "FÉLIX MARÍA ZULOAGA" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica de Mexico. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  11. "Don Barksdale". The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  12. "Sandra Morgen Obituary". Eugene Register Guard. 29 September 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  13. "Биография = Biography". Официальный сайт певицы Натали = The official site of the singer Natali (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  14. "Cameron Andrew Murray". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  15. "Stephen Clemence". soccerbase.com. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  16. "Glasgow 2014 - Euan Burton Profile". results.glasgow2014.com. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  17. "Jonna MENDES - Olympic Alpine Skiing | United States of America". International Olympic Committee. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  18. "Eddie Johnson". soccerbase.com. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  19. "Edward John M. Williamson". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  20. "DeAndre Liggins". NBA G League. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  21. "George Iloka Estadísticas, Noticias, Biografía". ESPN. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  22. "Sandra Roma - Player Profile - Tennis". Eurosport. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  23. "Ms Samira ASGHARI - National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan , IOC Member since 2018". International Olympic Committee. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  24. "TEAM KATUSHA ALPECIN". UCI. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  25. "Fiona Brown | Scotland | Scottish FA". www.scottishfa.co.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  26. "Japhet Tanganga". soccerbase.com. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  27. "Francis I | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  28. "Yvonne's Royalty Home Page: Royal Christenings". Archived from the original on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  29. Ellenberger, Allan R. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory. McFarland. p. 34. ISBN 9780786409839.
  30. "Jesse OWENS - Olympic Athletics | United States of America". International Olympic Committee. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  31. International Union of Crystallography Newsletter. American Institute of Physics. 2001. p. 60.
  32. "Anne Gwynne". BFI. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  33. Clifford Kraus (31 March 2009). "Raúl Alfonsín, 82, Former Argentine Leader, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  34. Conn, Heather. "Mary Greyeyes Reid". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
  35. "Halbert L. White, University of California, San Diego, Professor and Founder of Bates White Economic Consulting, dies at age 61". Bates White. April 2, 2012.
  36. Rapper Nipsey Hussle killed in shooting outside his L.A. store

External links[]


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