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March 13 is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. 293 days remain until the end of the year.

Events[]

  • 1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.[1]
  • 1591 – At the Battle of Tondibi in Mali, Moroccan forces of the Saadi dynasty, led by Judar Pasha, defeat the Songhai Empire, despite being outnumbered by at least five to one.[2]
  • 1639Harvard College is named after clergyman John Harvard.[3]
  • 1697Nojpetén, capital of the last independent Maya kingdom, fell to Spanish conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.[4]
  • 1741 - The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (part of the War of Jenkins' Ear) begins.[5]
  • 1781William Herschel discovers Uranus.[6]
  • 1809Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden is deposed in the Coup of 1809.[7]
  • 1826Pope Leo XII publishes the apostolic constitution Quo Graviora in which he renewed the prohibition on Catholics joining freemasonry.[8]
  • 1845Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto receives its première performance in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist.[9]
  • 1848 – The German revolutions of 1848–1849 begin in Vienna.[10]
  • 1862 – The Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves was passed by the United States Congress, effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.[11]
  • 1881Alexander II of Russia is assassinated.[12]
  • 1884 – The Siege of Khartoum begins. It lasts until January 26, 1885.[13]
  • 1900 – British forces occupy Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, during the Second Boer War.[14]
  • 1920 – The Kapp Putsch briefly ousts the Weimar Republic government from Berlin.[15]
  • 1930 – The news of the discovery of Pluto is announced by Lowell Observatory.[16]
  • 1933 – Banks in the U.S. begin to re-open after the three-day national "bank holiday" mandated by the Franklin D. Roosevelt's Emergency Banking Act.[17]
  • 1943German forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków.[18]
  • 1954 – The Battle of Điện Biên Phủ begins with an artillery barrage by Viet Minh forces under Võ Nguyên Giáp; Viet Minh victory lead to the end of the First Indochina War and French withdrawal from Vietnam.[19]
  • 1957Cuban student revolutionaries storm the presidential palace in Havana in a failed attempt on the life of President Fulgencio Batista.[20]
  • 1969Apollo 9 returns safely to Earth after testing the Lunar Module.[21]
  • 1979 – The New Jewel Movement, headed by Maurice Bishop, ousts the Prime Minister of Grenada, Eric Gairy, in a coup d'état.[22]
  • 1988 – The Seikan Tunnel, the longest undersea tunnel in the world, opens between Aomori and Hakodate, Japan.[23]
  • 1992 – The Template:M 6.6 Erzincan earthquake strikes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe).[24]
  • 1996 – The Dunblane massacre leads to the death of sixteen primary school children and one teacher in Dunblane, Scotland.[25]
  • 1997 – The Missionaries of Charity choose Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as their leader.[26]
  • 2003 – An article in Nature identifies the Ciampate del Diavolo as 350,000-year-old hominid footprints.[27]
  • 2012 – The Sierre coach crash kills 28 people, including 22 children.[28]
  • 2013 – The 2013 papal conclave elects Pope Francis as the 266th Pope of the Catholic Church.[29]
  • 2016 – The Ankara bombing kills at least 37 people.[30]
  • 2016 – Three gunmen attack two hotels in the Ivory Coast town of Grand-Bassam, killing at least 19 people.[31]

Births[]

  • 1372Louis I, Duke of Orléans (d. 1407)[32]
  • 1479Lazarus Spengler, German hymnwriter (d. 1534)[33]
  • 1560William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, Dutch count (d. 1620)[34]
  • 1593Georges de La Tour, French painter (probable;[35] d. 1652)
  • 1599John Berchmans, Belgian Jesuit scholastic and saint (d. 1621)[36]
  • 1615Innocent XII, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1700)[37]
  • 1683Johann Wilhelm Weinmann, German botanist (d. 1741)[38]
  • 1700Michel Blavet, French flute player and composer (d. 1768)[39]
  • 1719John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden, English field marshal and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Essex (d. 1797)[40]
  • 1720Charles Bonnet, Swiss historian and author (d. 1793)[41]
  • 1741Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1790)[42]
  • 1763Guillaume Brune, French general and diplomat (d. 1815)[43]
  • 1764Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1845)[44]
  • 1770Daniel Lambert, English animal breeder (d. 1809)[45]
  • 1781Karl Friedrich Schinkel, German painter and architect, designed the Konzerthaus Berlin (d. 1841)[46]
  • 1798Abigail Fillmore, American wife of Millard Fillmore, 14th First Lady of the United States (d. 1853)[47]
  • 1800Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Ottoman politician, 212th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1858)[48]
  • 1815James Curtis Hepburn, American physician, linguist, and missionary (d. 1911)[49]
  • 1825Hans Gude, Norwegian-German painter and academic (d. 1903)[50]
  • 1855Percival Lowell, American astronomer and mathematician (d. 1916)[51]
  • 1857B. H. Roberts, English-American historian and politician (d. 1933)[52]
  • 1860Hugo Wolf, Slovene-Austrian composer (d. 1903)[53]
  • 1862Paul Prosper Henrys, French general (d. 1943)[54]
  • 1864Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian-German painter (d. 1941)[55]
  • 1870William Glackens, American painter and illustrator (d. 1938)[56]
  • 1874Ellery Harding Clark, American jumper, coach, and lawyer (d. 1949)[57]
  • 1880Josef Gočár, Czech architect (d. 1945)[58]
  • 1883Enrico Toselli, Italian pianist and composer (d. 1926)[59]
  • 1884Hugh Walpole, New Zealand-English author and educator (d. 1941)[60]
  • 1886Home Run Baker, American baseball player and manager (d. 1963)[61]
  • 1886 – Albert William Stevens, American captain and photographer (d. 1949)[62]
  • 1888Paul Morand, French author and diplomat (d. 1976)[63]
  • 1890Fritz Busch, German conductor and director (d. 1951)[64]
  • 1892Janet Flanner, American journalist and author (d. 1978)[65]
  • 1897Yeghishe Charents, Armenian poet and activist (d. 1937)[66]
  • 1898Henry Hathaway, American director and producer (d. 1985)[67]
  • 1899John Hasbrouck Van Vleck, American physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1980)[68]
  • 1899 – Pancho Vladigerov, Bulgarian pianist and composer (d. 1978)[69]
  • 1900Andrée Bosquet, Belgian painter (d. 1980)[70]
  • 1900 – Giorgos Seferis, Greek poet and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)[71]
  • 1902Hans Bellmer, German-French painter and sculptor (d. 1975)[72]
  • 1904Clifford Roach, Trinidadian cricketer and footballer (d. 1988)[73]
  • 1907Dorothy Tangney, Australian politician (d. 1985)[74]
  • 1908Walter Annenberg, American publisher, philanthropist, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (d. 2002)[75]
  • 1908 – Myrtle Bachelder, American chemist and Women's Army Corps officer (d. 1997)[76]
  • 1910Sammy Kaye, American saxophonist, songwriter, and bandleader (d. 1987)[77]
  • 1910 – Kemal Tahir, Turkish journalist and author (d. 1973)[78]
  • 1911José Ardévol, Cuban composer and conductor (d. 1981)[79]
  • 1913William J. Casey, American politician, 13th Director of Central Intelligence (d. 1987)[80]
  • 1913 – Sergey Mikhalkov, Russian author and playwright (d. 2009)[81]
  • 1914W. O. Mitchell, Canadian author and playwright (d. 1998)[82]
  • 1914 – Edward O'Hare, American lieutenant and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1943)[83]
  • 1916Lindy Boggs, American educator and politician, 5th United States Ambassador to the Holy See (d. 2013)[84]
  • 1916 – Jacque Fresco, American engineer and academic (d. 2017)[85]
  • 1920Ralph J. Roberts, American businessman, co-founded Comcast (d. 2015)[86]
  • 1921Al Jaffee, American cartoonist[87]
  • 1923Dimitrios Ioannidis, Greek general (d. 2010)[88]
  • 1925Roy Haynes, American drummer and composer[89]
  • 1926Carlos Roberto Reina, Honduran lawyer and politician, President of Honduras (d. 2003)[90]
  • 1929Zbigniew Messner, Polish economist and politician, 9th Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland (d. 2014)[91]
  • 1933Mahdi Elmandjra, Moroccan economist and sociologist (d. 2014)[92]
  • 1933 – Gero von Wilpert, German author and academic (d. 2009)[93]
  • 1935David Nobbs, English author and screenwriter (d. 2015)[94]
  • 1938Robert Gammage, American captain and politician (d. 2012)[95]
  • 1939Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter and pianist[51]
  • 1941Donella Meadows, American environmentalist, author, and academic (d. 2001)[96]
  • 1942Dave Cutler, American computer scientist and engineer[97]
  • 1942 – Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet and author (d. 2008)[98]
  • 1942 – Scatman John, American singer-songwriter (d. 1999)[99]
  • 1944Terence Burns, Baron Burns, English economist and academic[100]
  • 1945Anatoly Fomenko, Russian mathematician and academic[101]
  • 1946Yonatan Netanyahu, American-Israeli colonel (d. 1976)[102]
  • 1947Lesley Collier, English ballerina and educator[103]
  • 1947 – Beat Richner, Swiss pediatrician and cellist (d. 2018)[104]
  • 1947 – Lyn St. James, American race car driver[105]
  • 1949Ze'ev Bielski, Israeli politician[106]
  • 1949 – Sian Elias, New Zealand lawyer and politician, 12th Chief Justice of New Zealand[107]
  • 1950Joe Bugner, Hungarian-British boxer and actor[108]
  • 1950 – Bernard Julien, Trinidadian cricketer[109]
  • 1950 – Charles Krauthammer, American physician, journalist, and author (d. 2018)[110]
  • 1950 – William H. Macy, American actor, director, and screenwriter[51]
  • 1951Charo, Spanish-American singer, guitarist, and actress[110]
  • 1952Wolfgang Rihm, German composer and educator[111]
  • 1952 – Tim Sebastian, English journalist and author[112]
  • 1953Andy Bean, American golfer[51]
  • 1953 – Michael Curry, 27th presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church[113]
  • 1954Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos, Guyanese-English politician and diplomat[114]
  • 1954 – Robin Duke, Canadian actress and screenwriter[115]
  • 1955Bruno Conti, Italian footballer and manager[116]
  • 1955 – Glenne Headly, American actress (d. 2017)[117]
  • 1955 – Olga Rukavishnikova, Russian pentathlete[118]
  • 1956Dana Delany, American actress and producer[51]
  • 1957John Hoeven, American banker and politician, 31st Governor of North Dakota[51]
  • 1957 – Moses Hogan, American composer and conductor (d. 2003)[119]
  • 1958Mágico González, Salvadoran footballer[120]
  • 1958 – Rick Lazio, American lawyer and politician[121]
  • 1958 – Caryl Phillips, Caribbean-English author and playwright[122]
  • 1959Dirk Wellham, Australian cricketer[123]
  • 1960Adam Clayton, English-Irish musician and songwriter[51]
  • 1960 – Joe Ranft, American animator, screenwriter, and voice actor (d. 2005)[124]
  • 1963Vance Johnson, American football player[125]
  • 1964Will Clark, American baseball player[126]
  • 1964 – Craig Dimond, Australian rugby league player[127]
  • 1964 – Trevor Gillmeister Australian rugby league player and coach[128]
  • 1966Chico Science, Brazilian singer-songwriter (d. 1997)[129]
  • 1967Andrés Escobar, Colombian footballer (d. 1994)[130]
  • 1967 – Pieter Vink, Dutch footballer and referee[131]
  • 1969Darren Fritz, Australian rugby league player[132]
  • 1970Tim Story, American director and producer[133]
  • 1971Annabeth Gish, American actress[115]
  • 1971 – Allan Nielsen, Danish international footballer, midfielder and manager[134]
  • 1972Common, American rapper and actor[51]
  • 1973Edgar Davids, Surinamese born Dutch international footballer midfielder and manager[135]
  • 1973 – Bobby Jackson, American basketball player and coach[136]
  • 1974James Brinkley, Scottish cricketer[137]
  • 1974 – Thomas Enqvist, Swedish tennis player and sportscaster[138]
  • 1975Mark Clattenburg, English football referee[139]
  • 1976Troy Hudson, American basketball player and rapper[140]
  • 1976 – Danny Masterson, American actor and producer[110]
  • 1978Tom Danielson, American cyclist[141]
  • 1978 – Kenny Watson, American football player[142]
  • 1979Johan Santana, Venezuelan-American baseball player[143]
  • 1979 – Cédric Van Branteghem, Belgian sprinter[144]
  • 1980Caron Butler, American basketball player[51]
  • 1980 – Brad Watts, Australian rugby league player[145]
  • 1982Nicole Ohlde, American basketball player[146]
  • 1983Kaitlin Sandeno, American swimmer[147]
  • 1984Geeta Basra, Indian actress[148]
  • 1985Alcides Araújo Alves, Brazilian footballer[149]
  • 1985 – Emile Hirsch, American actor[51]
  • 1986Neil Wagner, South African-New Zealand cricketer[150]
  • 1987Marco Andretti, American race car driver[151]
  • 1987 – Andreas Beck, German footballer[152]
  • 1988Furdjel Narsingh, Dutch footballer[153]
  • 1989Holger Badstuber, German footballer[154]
  • 1989 – Marko Marin, German footballer[155]
  • 1989 – Robert Wickens, Canadian racing driver[151]
  • 1990Anicet Abel, Malagasy footballer[156]
  • 1991Daniel Greig, Australian speed skater[157]
  • 1991 – Tristan Thompson, American basketball player[158]
  • 1994Gerard Deulofeu, Spanish footballer[159]
  • 1995Mikaela Shiffrin, American skier[160]
  • 1998Jay-Roy Grot, Dutch footballer[161]
  • 2001Thomas Dearden, Australian rugby league player[162]

Deaths[]

  • 1202Mieszko III the Old, king of Poland (b. c. 1121)[163]
  • 1271Henry of Almain, English knight (b. 1235)[164]
  • 1415Minye Kyawswa, Crown Prince of Ava (b. 1391)[165]
  • 1447Shah Rukh, Timurid ruler of Persia and Transoxania (b. 1377)[166]
  • 1573Michel de l'Hôpital, French politician (b. 1507)[167]
  • 1601Henry Cuffe, Politician (b. 1563)[168]
  • 1619Richard Burbage, English actor (b. 1567)[169]
  • 1711Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and critic (b. 1636)[170]
  • 1719Johann Friedrich Böttger, German chemist and potter (b. 1682)[171]
  • 1800Nana Fadnavis, Indian minister and politician (b. 1742)[172]
  • 1808Christian VII of Denmark (b. 1749)[173]
  • 1823John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, English admiral and politician (b. 1735)[174]
  • 1833William Bradley, English lieutenant and cartographer (b. 1757)[175]
  • 1842Henry Shrapnel, English general (b. 1761)[176]
  • 1854Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, French politician, 6th Prime Minister of France (b. 1773)[177]
  • 1873David Swinson Maynard, American physician, lawyer, and businessman (b. 1808)[178]
  • 1879Adolf Anderssen, German mathematician and chess player (b. 1818)[179]
  • 1881Alexander II of Russia (b. 1818)[12]
  • 1884Leland Stanford Jr., American son of Leland Stanford (b. 1868)[180]
  • 1885Giorgio Mitrovich, Maltese politician (b. 1795)[181]
  • 1901Benjamin Harrison, American general and politician, 23rd President of the United States (b. 1833)[182]
  • 1906Susan B. Anthony, American activist (b. 1820)[183]
  • 1912Eugène-Étienne Taché, Canadian engineer and architect, designed the Parliament Building (b. 1836)[184]
  • 1921Jenny Twitchell Kempton, American opera singer and educator (b. 1835)[185]
  • 1936Francis Bell, New Zealand lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1851)[186]
  • 1938Clarence Darrow, American lawyer and author (b. 1857)[187]
  • 1943Stephen Vincent Benét, American poet, short story writer, and novelist (b. 1898)[188]
  • 1946Werner von Blomberg, German field marshal (b. 1878)[189]
  • 1962Anne Acheson, Irish sculptor (d. 1882)[190]
  • 1965Vittorio Jano, Italian engineer (b. 1891)[191]
  • 1965 – Fan Noli, Albanian-American bishop and politician, 14th Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1882)[192]
  • 1971Rockwell Kent, American painter and illustrator (b. 1882)[193]
  • 1972Tony Ray-Jones, English photographer (b. 1941)[194]
  • 1975Ivo Andrić, Yugoslav novelist, poet, and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)[195]
  • 1976Ole Haugsrud, American sports executive (b. 1900)[196]
  • 1983Paul Citroen, German-Dutch illustrator and educator (b. 1896)[197]
  • 1990Bruno Bettelheim, Austrian-American psychologist and author (b. 1903)[198]
  • 1995Odette Hallowes, French nurse and spy (b. 1912)[199]
  • 1996Krzysztof Kieślowski, Polish director and screenwriter (b. 1941)[200]
  • 1998Judge Dread, English singer-songwriter (b. 1945)[201]
  • 1998 – Hans von Ohain, German-American physicist and engineer (b. 1911)[202]
  • 1999Lee Falk, American cartoonist, director, and producer (b. 1911)[203]
  • 1999 – Garson Kanin, American director and screenwriter (b. 1912)[204]
  • 2001John A. Alonzo, American actor and cinematographer (b. 1934)[205]
  • 2001 – Encarnacion Alzona, Filipino historian and educator (b. 1895)[206]
  • 2002Hans-Georg Gadamer, German philosopher and scholar (b. 1900)[207]
  • 2004Franz König, Austrian cardinal (b. 1905)[208]
  • 2006Robert C. Baker, American businessman, invented the chicken nugget (b. 1921)[209]
  • 2006 – Jimmy Johnstone, Scottish footballer (b. 1944)[210]
  • 2006 – Maureen Stapleton, American actress (b. 1925)[211]
  • 2007Arnold Skaaland, American wrestler and manager (b. 1925)[212]
  • 2009Betsy Blair, American actress (b. 1923)[213]
  • 2009 – Alan W. Livingston, American businessman (b. 1917)[214]
  • 2010Jean Ferrat, French singer-songwriter (b. 1930)[215]
  • 2011Rick Martin, Canadian-American ice hockey player (b. 1951)[216]
  • 2014Reubin Askew, American sergeant, lawyer, and politician, 37th Governor of Florida (b. 1928)[217]
  • 2014 – Edward Haughey, Baron Ballyedmond, Irish businessman and politician (b. 1944)[218]
  • 2014 – Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, Sierra Leonean economist, lawyer, and politician, 3rd President of Sierra Leone (b. 1932)[219]
  • 2014 – Icchokas Meras, Lithuanian-Israeli author and screenwriter (b. 1934)[220]
  • 2015Al Rosen, American baseball player and manager (b. 1924)[221]
  • 2016Hilary Putnam, American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist (b. 1926)[222]
  • 2017Amy Krouse Rosenthal, American author (b. 1965)[223]
  • 2018Emily Nasrallah, Lebanese writer and women's rights activist. (b. 1931)[224]

Holidays and observances[]

  • Christian feast days:
    • Ansovinus[225]
    • Gerald of Mayo[226]
    • James Theodore Holly (Episcopal Church (USA))[227]
    • Nicephorus[228]
    • Roderick[225]
    • March 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  • Kasuga Matsuri (Kasuga Grand Shrine, Nara, Japan)[229]
  • National Elephant Day (Thailand)[230]
  • Africa Scout Day[231]

References[]

  1. Parker, Geoffrey (2014). Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II. Yale University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-300-21044-6. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  2. Kaba, Lansiné (1981). "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591-1612)". The Journal of African History. 22 (4): 457–475. doi:10.1017/S0021853700019861. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 181298. PMID 11632225.
  3. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1995). The Founding of Harvard College. Harvard University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-674-31451-1. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  4. Jones, Grant D. (1998). The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. Stanford University Press. p. xix. ISBN 978-0-8047-3522-3. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  5. "the battle of cartagena de indias,Jenkins Ear War". www.grandesbatallas.es. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  6. Kamp, P. (1986). Dark Companions of Stars: Astrometric Commentary on the Lower End of the Main Sequence. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 281. ISBN 978-90-277-2270-6. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  7. Scott, Franklin Daniel (1988). Sweden, the Nation's History. SIU Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-8093-1489-8. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  8. "Quo Graviora". March 13, 1826.
  9. Rudolf, Max; Rudolf, William (2001). A Musical Life: Writings and Letters. Pendragon Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-57647-038-1. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  10. Dill, Marshall (1970). Germany: A Modern History. University of Michigan Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-472-07101-2. Retrieved 16 February 2020. march 13.
  11. "Additional Article of War, March 13, 1862". www.freedmen.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  12. 12.0 12.1 Rowley, Alison (10 January 2020). "Dark Tourism and the Death of Russian Emperor Alexander II, 1881–1891". The Historian. 79 (2): 229–255. doi:10.1111/hisn.12503. S2CID 148924679.
  13. Sandler, Stanley (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 459. ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  14. Martin, Arthur Clive (1956). The Concentration Camps, 1900-1902: Facts Figures, and Fables. H. Timmins. p. 1. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  15. Richards, Michael D.; Waibel, Paul R. (2014). Twentieth-Century Europe: A Brief History, 1900 to the Present. John Wiley & Sons. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-118-65138-4. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  16. Hoyt, William Graves (December 1976). "W. H. Pickering's Planetary Predictions and the Discovery of Pluto". Isis. 67 (4): 551–564. doi:10.1086/351668. PMID 794024.
  17. Silber, William L. (July 2009). "Why Did FDR's Bank Holiday Succeed?". Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review. 15 (1): 19–30. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  18. Rubin, Arnon (2003). Facts and Fictions about the Rescue of the Polish Jewry During the Holocaust: Jewish welfare services in the occupied Poland. Tel Aviv University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-965-555-144-0. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  19. Davidson, Phillip B. (1991). Vietnam at War: The History, 1946-1975. Oxford University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-19-506792-7. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  20. Bonachea, Ramon L. (2018). Cuban Insurrection 1952-1959. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-52470-4. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  21. Mansfield, Cheryl L. (9 January 2018). "Apollo 9". NASA. NASA. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  22. "Biography: Sir Eric Matthew Gairy | MGov". www.mgovernance.net. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  23. Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001). Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats. ABC-CLIO. p. 301. ISBN 9781576071120. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  24. "Search the Event Bibliography". International Seismological Centre Online Event Bibliography. ISC. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  25. "Mass shootings and gun control". BBC News. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  26. "CNN - Indian-born nun to succeed Mother Teresa - Mar. 13, 1997". edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  27. Mietto, Paolo; Avanzini, Marco; Rolandi, Giuseppe (2003). "Palaeontology: Human footprints in Pleistocene volcanic ash". Nature. 422 (6928): 133. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..133M. doi:10.1038/422133a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 12634773. S2CID 2396763.
  28. Hope, Alan (1 July 2014). "Sierre bus crash investigation closed without charges | Flanders Today". Flanders Today. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  29. "Argentinian Jorge Mario Bergoglio elected Pope". 13 March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  30. Akkoc, Raziye; js, video source Storyful 2:51PM GMT 14 Mar 2016 Follow !function{var (14 March 2016). "Ankara explosion: Turkish president vows war on terror as officials say one bomber was 'female Kurdish militant'". www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  31. Quist-Arcton, Ofeibea (20 March 2016). "Ivory Coast Struggles To Keep Economy Afloat After Terror Attack". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
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