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July 13 in recent years
2023 (Thursday)
2022 (Wednesday)
2021 (Tuesday)
2020 (Monday)
2019 (Saturday)
2018 (Friday)
2017 (Thursday)
2016 (Wednesday)
2015 (Monday)
2014 (Sunday)
DateTemplate:SHORTDESC:Date
July 13 is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years ) in the Gregorian calendar . 171 days remain until the end of the year.
Events [ ]
587 BC – Babylon's siege of Jerusalem ends following the destruction of Solomon's Temple .
1174 – William I of Scotland , a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74 , is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England .
1249 – Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots .
1260 – The Livonian Order suffers its greatest defeat in the 13th century in the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1558 – Battle of Gravelines : In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes at Gravelines .
1573 – Eighty Years' War : The Siege of Haarlem ends after seven months.
1643 – English Civil War : Battle of Roundway Down : In England, Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester , commanding the Royalist forces, heavily defeats the Parliamentarian forces led by Sir William Waller .
1787 – The Continental Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory . It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states and limits the expansion of slavery .
1793 – Journalist and French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is assassinated in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday , a member of the opposing political faction.
1794 – The Battle of Trippstadt is fought between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria.
1814 – The Carabinieri , the national gendarmerie of Italy, is established.
1830 – The General Assembly's Institution, now the Scottish Church College , one of the pioneering institutions that ushered the Bengali Renaissance , is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy , in Calcutta , India.
1831 – Regulamentul Organic , a quasi-constitutional organic law is adopted in Wallachia , one of the two Danubian Principalities that were to become the basis of Romania .[1]
1854 – In the Battle of Guaymas, Mexico, General José María Yáñez stops the French invasion led by Count Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon .
1863 – New York City draft riots : In New York City, opponents of conscription begin three days of rioting which will be later regarded as the worst in United States history .
1878 – Treaty of Berlin : The European powers redraw the map of the Balkans . Serbia , Montenegro and Romania become completely independent of the Ottoman Empire .
1919 – The British airship R34 lands in Norfolk , England, completing the first airship return journey across the Atlantic in 182 hours of flight.
1941 – World War II : Montenegrins begin a popular uprising against the Axis powers (Trinaestojulski ustanak ).
1956 – The Dartmouth workshop is the first conference on artificial intelligence .
1962 – In an unprecedented action, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan dismisses seven members of his Cabinet , marking the effective end of the National Liberals as a distinct force within British politics.
1973 – Watergate scandal : Alexander Butterfield reveals the existence of a secret Oval Office taping system to investigators for the Senate Watergate Committee .[2]
1977 – Somalia declares war on Ethiopia , starting the Ogaden War .
1977 – New York City: Amidst a period of financial and social turmoil experiences an electrical blackout lasting nearly 24 hours that leads to widespread fires and looting.
1985 – The Live Aid benefit concert takes place in London and Philadelphia , as well as other venues such as Moscow and Sydney .
1985 – Vice President George H. W. Bush becomes the Acting President for the day when President Ronald Reagan undergoes surgery to remove polyps from his colon .
2003 – French DGSE personnel abort an operation to rescue Íngrid Betancourt from FARC rebels in Colombia , causing a political scandal when details are leaked to the press.
2008 – Battle of Wanat begins when Taliban and al-Qaeda guerrillas attack US Army and Afghan National Army troops in Afghanistan . The U.S. deaths were, at that time, the most in a single battle since the beginning of operations in 2001 .
2011 – Mumbai is rocked by three bomb blasts during the evening rush hour, killing 26 and injuring 130.
2011 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1999 is adopted, which admits South Sudan to member status of United Nations.
2013 – Typhoon Soulik kills at least nine people and affects more than 160 million in East China and Taiwan .
2016 – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron resigns, and is succeeded by Theresa May .
Births [ ]
100 BC – Julius Caesar , Roman general and statesman (d. 44 BC)[3]
1426 – Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick (d. 1492)[citation needed ]
1478 – Giulio d'Este , illegitimate son of Italian noble (d. 1561)[citation needed ]
1470 – Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' Medici , Catholic cardinal (d. 1528)[citation needed ]
1527 – John Dee , English-Welsh mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer (d. 1609)[4]
1579 – Arthur Dee , English physician and chemist (d. 1651)
1590 – Pope Clement X (d. 1676)[5]
1606 – Roland Fréart de Chambray (d. 1676)
1607 – Wenceslaus Hollar , Czech-English painter and illustrator (d. 1677)
1608 – Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1657)
1745 – Robert Calder , Scottish-English admiral (d. 1818)
1756 – Thomas Rowlandson , English artist and caricaturist (d. 1827)
1760 – István Pauli , Hungarian-Slovene priest and poet (d. 1829)
1770 – Alexander Balashov , Russian general and politician, Russian Minister of Police (d. 1837)
1793 – John Clare , English poet and author (d. 1864)
1821 – Nathan Bedford Forrest , American general and first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (d. 1877)
1831 – Arthur Böttcher , German pathologist and anatomist (d. 1889)
1841 – Otto Wagner , Austrian architect, designed the Austrian Postal Savings Bank and Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station (d. 1918)
1858 – Stewart Culin , American ethnographer and author (d. 1929)
1859 – Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield , English economist and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (d. 1947)
1863 – Margaret Murray , British archaeologist, anthropologist, historian, and folklorist (d. 1963)
1864 – John Jacob Astor IV , American colonel and businessman (d. 1912)
1877 – Robert Henry Mathews , Australian linguist and missionary (d. 1970)
1884 – Yrjö Saarela , Finnish wrestler and coach (d. 1951)
1889 – Emma Asson , Estonian educator and politician (d. 1965)
1889 – Stan Coveleski , American baseball player (d. 1984)
1892 – Léo-Pol Morin , Canadian pianist, composer, and educator (d. 1941)
1892 – Jonni Myyrä , Finnish-American discus and javelin thrower (d. 1955)
1894 – Isaac Babel , Russian short story writer, journalist, and playwright (d. 1940)
1895 – Sidney Blackmer , American actor (d. 1973)
1896 – Mordecai Ardon , Israeli painter and educator (d. 1992)
1898 – Julius Schreck , German commander (d. 1936)
1898 – Ivan Triesault , Estonian-born American actor (d. 1980)
1900 – George Lewis , American clarinet player and songwriter (d. 1969)
1901 – Eric Portman , English actor (d. 1969)
1903 – Kenneth Clark , English historian and author (d. 1983)
1905 – Alfredo M. Santos , Filipino general (d. 1990)
1905 – Eugenio Pagnini , Italian modern pentathlete (d. 1993)[6]
1905 – Magda Foy , American child actress (d. 2000)
1907 – George Weller , American author, playwright, and journalist (d. 2002)
1908 – Dorothy Round , English tennis player (d. 1982)
1908 – Tim Spencer , American country & western singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1974)
1910 – Lien Gisolf , Dutch high jumper (d. 1993)
1910 – Loren Pope , American journalist and author (d. 2008)
1911 – Bob Steele (broadcaster) , American radio personality (d. 2002)
1913 – Dave Garroway , American journalist and television personality (d. 1982)
1913 – Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller , Danish businessman (d. 2012)
1915 – Kaoru Ishikawa , Japanese author and educator (d. 1989)
1918 – Alberto Ascari , Italian race car driver (d. 1955)
1918 – Ronald Bladen , American painter and sculptor (d. 1988)
1918 – Marcia Brown , American author and illustrator (d. 2015)
1919 – Hau Pei-tsun , 13th Premier of the Republic of China (d. 2020)
1919 – William F. Quinn , American lawyer (d. 2006)
1921 – Ernest Gold , Austrian-American composer and conductor (d. 1999)
1922 – Leslie Brooks , American actress (d. 2011)
1922 – Anker Jørgensen , Danish trade union leader and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 2016)
1922 – Helmy Afify Abd El-Bar , Egyptian military commander (d. 2011)
1922 – Ken Mosdell , Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2006)
1923 – Ashley Bryan , American children's book author and illustrator
1924 – Johnny Gilbert , American game show host and announcer
1925 – Suzanne Zimmerman , American competition swimmer and Olympic medalist
1925 – Huang Zongying , Chinese actress and writer
1926 – Robert H. Justman , American director, producer, and production manager (d. 2008)
1926 – T. Loren Christianson , American politician (d. 2019)
1926 – Thomas Clark , American politician (d. 2020)
1927 – Simone Veil , French lawyer and politician, President of the European Parliament (d. 2017)[7]
1927 – Ian Reed , Australian discus thrower
1928 – Bob Crane , American actor (d. 1978)
1928 – Sven Davidson , Swedish-American tennis player (d. 2008)
1928 – Al Rex , American musician (d. 2020)
1929 – Sofia Muratova , Russian gymnast (d. 2006)
1929 – Svein Ellingsen , Norwegian visual artist and hymnist (d. 2020)
1930 – Sam Greenlee , American author and poet (d. 2014)
1930 – Naomi Shemer , Israeli singer-songwriter (d. 2004)
1931 – Frank Ramsey , American basketball player and coach (d. 2018)
1932 – Hubert Reeves , Canadian-French astrophysicist and author
1933 – David Storey , English author, playwright, and screenwriter (d. 2017)
1933 – Piero Manzoni , Italian artist (d. 1963)
1934 – Peter Gzowski , Canadian journalist and academic (d. 2002)
1934 – Gordon Lee , English footballer and manager
1934 – Wole Soyinka , Nigerian author, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate
1934 – Aleksei Yeliseyev , Russian engineer and astronaut
1935 – Jack Kemp , American football player and politician, 9th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (d. 2009)
1935 – Earl Lovelace , Trinidadian journalist, author, and playwright
1935 – Kurt Westergaard , Danish cartoonist
1936 – Albert Ayler , American saxophonist and composer (d. 1970)
1937 – Ghillean Prance , English botanist and ecologist
1939 – Lambert Jackson Woodburne , South African admiral (d. 2013)
1940 – Tom Lichtenberg , American football player and coach (d. 2013)
1940 – Paul Prudhomme , American chef and author (d. 2015)
1940 – Patrick Stewart , English actor, director, and producer
1941 – Grahame Corling , Australian cricketer
1941 – Robert Forster , American actor and producer (d. 2019)
1941 – Ehud Manor , Israeli songwriter and translator (d. 2005)
1941 – Jacques Perrin , French actor, director, and producer
1942 – Harrison Ford , American actor and producer
1942 – Roger McGuinn , American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1943 – Chris Serle , English journalist and actor
1944 – Eric Freeman , Australian cricketer
1944 – Cyril Knowles , English footballer and manager (d. 1991)
1944 – Erno Rubik , Hungarian game designer, architect, and educator, invented the Rubik's Cube
1945 – Ashley Mallett , Australian cricketer and author
1946 – Bob Kauffman , American basketball player and coach (d. 2015)
1946 – Cheech Marin , American actor and comedian
1948 – Catherine Breillat , French director and screenwriter
1949 – Bryan Murray , Irish actor
1950 – George Nelson , American astronomer and astronaut
1950 – Ma Ying-jeou , Hong Kong-Taiwanese commander and politician, 12th President of the Republic of China
1950 – Jurelang Zedkaia , Marshallese politician, 5th President of the Marshall Islands (d. 2015)
1951 – Rob Bishop , American educator and politician
1951 – Didi Conn , American actress and singer
1953 – David Thompson , American basketball player[8]
1954 – Ray Bright , Australian cricketer
1954 – Louise Mandrell , American singer-songwriter and actress
1956 – Mark Mendoza , American bass player and songwriter
1956 – Michael Spinks , American boxer
1957 – Thierry Boutsen , Belgian race car driver and businessman
1957 – Cameron Crowe , American director, producer, and screenwriter
1959 – Richard Leman , English field hockey player
1959 – Fuziah Salleh , Malaysian politician
1960 – Robert Abraham , American football player
1960 – Ian Hislop , Welsh-English journalist and screenwriter
1960 – Curtis Rouse , American football player (d. 2013)
1961 – Tahira Asif , Pakistani politician (d. 2014)
1961 – Anders Jarryd , Swedish tennis player
1961 – Khalid Mahmood , Pakistani-English engineer and politician
1961 – Stelios Manolas , Greek footballer and manager
1961 – Tim Watson , Australian footballer, coach, and journalist
1962 – Tom Kenny , American voice actor and screenwriter
1962 – Rhonda Vincent , American singer-songwriter and mandolin player
1963 – Neal Foulds , English snooker player and sportscaster
1963 – Kenny Johnson , American actor, producer, and model
1964 – Charlie Hides , American drag queen and comedian
1964 – Paul Thorn , American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1965 – Eileen Ivers , American fiddler
1965 – Colin van der Voort , Australian rugby league player
1966 – Gerald Levert , American R&B singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (d. 2006)
1966 – Natalia Luis-Bassa , Venezuelan-English conductor and educator
1967 – Richard Marles , Australian lawyer and politician, 50th Australian Minister for Trade and Investment
1967 – Mark McGowan , Australian politician, 30th Premier of Western Australia
1969 – Brad Godden , Australian rugby league player
1969 – Ken Jeong , American actor, comedian, and physician
1969 – Oleg Serebrian , Moldovan political scientist and politician
1970 – Andrei Tivontchik , German pole vaulter and trainer
1971 – Mark Neeld , Australian footballer and coach
1972 – Sean Waltman , American professional wrestler
1974 – Deborah Cox , Canadian singer-songwriter and actress
1974 – Jarno Trulli , Italian race car driver
1975 – Diego Spotorno , Ecuadorian actor
1975 – Mariada Pieridi , Cypriot singer-songwriter
1976 – Sheldon Souray , Canadian ice hockey player
1977 – Chris Horn , American football player
1978 – Ryan Ludwick , American baseball player
1978 – Prodromos Nikolaidis , Greek basketball player
1979 – Craig Bellamy , Welsh footballer
1979 – Daniel Díaz , Argentinian footballer
1979 – Libuše Průšová , Czech tennis player
1979 – Lucinda Ruh , Swiss figure skater and coach
1981 – Ágnes Kovács , Hungarian swimmer
1981 – Mirco Lorenzetto , Italian cyclist
1982 – Shin-Soo Choo , South Korean baseball player
1982 – Simon Clist , English footballer
1982 – Dominic Isaacs , South African footballer
1982 – Nick Kenny , Australian rugby league player
1982 – Yadier Molina , Puerto Rican-American baseball player
1983 – Kristof Beyens , Belgian sprinter
1983 – Marco Pomante , Italian footballer
1983 – Liu Xiang , Chinese hurdler
1984 – Ida Maria , Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist
1985 – Trell Kimmons , American sprinter
1985 – Guillermo Ochoa , Mexican footballer
1985 – Charlotte Dujardin , English equestrian
1988 – Marcos Paulo Gelmini Gomes , Brazilian-Italian footballer
1988 – Colton Haynes , American actor, model and singer
1988 – Steven R. McQueen , American actor and model
1988 – Raúl Spank , German high jumper
1988 – Tulisa , English singer-songwriter and actress
1989 – Leon Bridges , American soul singer, songwriter and record producer[9]
1989 – Charis Giannopoulos , Greek basketball player
1990 – Kieran Foran , New Zealand rugby league player
1990 – Eduardo Salvio , Argentinian footballer
1992 – Elise Matthysen , Belgian swimmer
1993 – Daniel Bentley , English footballer
1995 – Cody Bellinger , American baseball player
1995 – Dante Exum , Australian basketball player
2002 – Deborah Medrado , Brazilian rhythmic gymnast[10]
Deaths [ ]
574 – John III , pope of the Catholic Church[11]
716 – Rui Zong , Chinese emperor (b. 662)
815 – Wu Yuanheng , Chinese poet and politician (b. 758)
884 – Huang Chao , Chinese rebel leader (b. 835)
939 – Leo VII , pope of the Catholic Church
982 – Gunther , margrave of Merseburg [12]
982 – Henry I , bishop of Augsburg [13]
982 – Pandulf II , Lombard prince
982 – Landulf IV , Lombard prince
982 – Abu'l-Qasim , Kalbid emir of Sicily [14]
1024 – Henry II , Holy Roman Emperor (b. 973)
1105 – Rashi , French rabbi and commentator (b. 1040)
1205 – Hubert Walter , English archbishop and politician, Lord Chancellor of The United Kingdom (b. 1160)
1357 – Bartolus de Saxoferrato Italian academic and jurist (b. 1313)
1380 – Bertrand du Guesclin , French nobleman and knight (b. 1320)
1399 – Peter Parler , German architect, designed St. Vitus Cathedral and Charles Bridge (b. 1330)
1399 – Jadwiga , queen of Poland (b. 1399)
1402 – Jianwen , Chinese emperor (b. 1377)
1491 – Afonso , Portuguese prince (b. 1475)
1551 – John Wallop , English soldier and diplomat (b. 1490)
1617 – Adam Wenceslaus , duke of Cieszyn (b. 1574)
1621 – Albert VII , archduke of Austria (b. 1559)
1626 – Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester , English politician (b. 1563)
1628 – Robert Shirley , English soldier and diplomat (b. 1581)
1629 – Caspar Bartholin the Elder , Swedish physician and theologian (b. 1585)
1683 – Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex , English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1631)
1755 – Edward Braddock , Scottish general (b. 1695)
1762 – James Bradley , English priest and astronomer (b. 1693)
1789 – Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau , French economist and academic (b. 1715)
1793 – Jean-Paul Marat , French physician and theorist (b. 1743)
1807 – Henry Benedict Stuart , Italian cardinal (b. 1725)
1881 – John C. Pemberton , American general (b. 1814)
1889 – Robert Hamerling , Austrian author, poet, and playwright (b. 1830)
1890 – John C. Frémont , American general and politician, 5th Territorial Governor of Arizona (b. 1813)
1890 – Johann Voldemar Jannsen , Estonian journalist and poet (b. 1819)
1893 – Young Man Afraid of His Horses , American tribal chief (b. 1836)
1896 – August Kekulé , German chemist and academic (b. 1829)
1907 – Henrik Sillem , Dutch target shooter and jurist (b. 1866)
1911 – Allan McLean , Scottish-Australian politician, 19th Premier of Victoria (b. 1840)
1921 – Gabriel Lippmann , Luxembourger physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845)
1922 – Martin Dies Sr. , American journalist and politician (b. 1870)
1927 – Mimar Kemaleddin Bey , Turkish architect and academic, designed the Tayyare Apartments (b. 1870)
1934 – Mary E. Byrd , American astronomer and academic (b. 1849)
1936 – Kojo Tovalou Houénou , Beninese lawyer and politician (b. 1887)
1941 – Ilmar Raud , Estonian chess player (b. 1913)
1945 – Alla Nazimova , Russian-American actress, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1879)
1946 – Alfred Stieglitz , American photographer and curator (b. 1864)
1949 – Walt Kuhn , American painter and academic (b. 1877)
1951 – Arnold Schoenberg , Austrian-American composer and painter (b. 1874)
1954 – Frida Kahlo , Mexican painter and educator (b. 1907)
1960 – Joy Davidman , American-English poet and author (b. 1915)
1965 – Photis Kontoglou , Greek painter and illustrator (b. 1895)
1967 – Tom Simpson , English cyclist (b. 1937)
1970 – Leslie Groves , American general and engineer (b. 1896)
1970 – Sheng Shicai , Chinese warlord (b. 1895)
1973 – Willy Fritsch , German actor and screenwriter (b. 1901)
1974 – Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett , English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
1976 – Frederick Hawksworth , English engineer (b. 1884)
1976 – Joachim Peiper , German SS officer (b. 1915)
1979 – Ludwig Merwart , Austrian painter and illustrator (b. 1913)
1980 – Seretse Khama , Botswana lawyer and politician, 1st President of Botswana (b. 1921)
1983 – Gabrielle Roy , Canadian engineer and author (b. 1909)
1993 – Davey Allison , American race car driver (b. 1961)
1995 – Godtfred Kirk Christiansen , Danish businessman (b. 1920)
1996 – Pandro S. Berman , American director, producer, and production manager (b. 1905)
1997 – Miguel Ángel Blanco , Spanish politician (b. 1968)
1999 – Konstantinos Kollias , Greek general and politician, 168th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1901)
2000 – Jan Karski , Polish-American activist and academic (b. 1914)
2003 – Compay Segundo , Cuban singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1907)
2005 – Robert E. Ogren , American zoologist (b. 1922)
2006 – Red Buttons , American actor (b. 1919)
2007 – Michael Reardon , American mountaineer (b. 1965)
2008 – Bronisław Geremek , Polish historian and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1932)
2010 – Manohari Singh , Indian saxophonist and composer (b. 1931)
2010 – George Steinbrenner , American businessman (b. 1930)
2011 – Allan Jeans , Australian footballer and coach (b. 1933)
2012 – Warren Jabali , American basketball player (b. 1946)
2012 – Jerzy Kulej , Polish boxer and politician (b. 1940)
2012 – Richard D. Zanuck , American film producer (b. 1934)
2013 – Leonard Garment , American lawyer and public servant, 14th White House Counsel (b. 1924)
2013 – Henri Julien , French race car driver (b. 1927)
2013 – Cory Monteith , Canadian actor and singer (b. 1982)
2013 – Ottavio Quattrocchi , Italian businessman (b. 1938)
2013 – Vernon B. Romney , American lawyer and politician, 14th Attorney General of Utah (b. 1924)
2013 – Marc Simont , French-American author and illustrator (b. 1915)
2014 – Thomas Berger , American author and playwright (b. 1924)
2014 – Alfred de Grazia , American political scientist, author, and academic (b. 1919)
2014 – Nadine Gordimer , South African novelist, short story writer, and activist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1923)
2014 – Jeff Leiding , American football player (b. 1961)
2014 – Lorin Maazel , French-American violinist, composer, and conductor (b. 1930)
2015 – Philipp Mißfelder , German historian and politician (b. 1979)
2015 – Martin Litchfield West , English scholar, author, and academic (b. 1927)
2017 – Liu Xiaobo , Chinese literary critic, human rights activist (b. 1955)
2020 – Grant Imahara , American electrical engineer, roboticist, and television host (b. 1970)[15]
2020 – Zindzi Mandela , South African politician, diplomat, and third daughter of Nelson Mandela (b. 1960).[16]
Holidays and observances [ ]
Christian feast day :
Abd-al-Masih
Abel of Tacla Haimonot (Coptic Church )
Clelia Barbieri
Conrad Weiser (Episcopal Church (USA) )
Eugenius of Carthage
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
Mildrith of Thanet
Rosa Mystica
Silas (Catholic Church )
Teresa of the Andes
July 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Feast of Kalimát, first day of the seventh month of the Bahá'í calendar . (Bahá'í Faith )
Statehood Day (Montenegro)
The last day of Naadam (Mongolia )
Kashmir Martyrs' Day (Pakistan )
References [ ]
↑ Constantin C. Giurescu , Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre , Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966, p. 123.
↑ Kutler, Stanley I. (1997). Abuse of Power: The New Nixon Tapes . New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 638. ISBN 9780684851877
Latham, Aaron (June 17, 1974). "' There is tape in the Oval Office' " . New York Magazine . pp. 44–45. Retrieved July 13, 2016 . CS1 maint: ref=harv (link )
↑ Antony Kamm (27 September 2006). Julius Caesar: A Life . Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-134-22033-5 .
↑ Peter J. French (1987). John Dee: The World of an Elizabethan Magus . Psychology Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7448-0079-1 .
↑ John McClintock (1874). Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature . Harper. p. 380.
↑ "Eugenio Pagnini Olympic Results" . sports-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2018-01-25 .
↑ Johnson, Douglas (30 June 2017). "Simone Veil obituary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 April 2020 .
↑ "David Thompson" . The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 29 February 2020 .
↑ https://www.allmusic.com/artist/leon-bridges-mn0003380137/biography
↑ "Rhythmic Gymnastics | Team Profile: Brazil - Pan American Games Lima 2019" . wrsd.lima2019.pe . Retrieved 2 June 2020 .
↑ "John III | pope" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 19 May 2020 .
↑ Reuter, 177.
↑ "Heinrich I. Bischof von Augsburg (973-982)" . manfred-hiebl.de . Retrieved 30 September 2018 .
↑ Template:PMBZ
↑ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/grant-imahara-dead-mythbusters-host-was-49-1303101
↑ Zindzi Mandela has passed away aged 59
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