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Annual immigration to Canada 1852-2021[1][2]
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Percentage of immigrants in Canada (1871-2016)[1]

As of 2019, Canada has the eighth largest immigrant population in the world, while foreign-born people make up about one-fifth (21% in 2019) of Canada’s population—one of the highest ratios for industrialized Western countries.[3]

In current Canadian law, immigrants are distinguished by four categories:[4]

  1. Family: persons closely related to one or more Canadian residents who live in Canada.[lower-roman 1]
  2. Economic: skilled workers, caregivers, or business persons.
  3. Protected person or Refugee: persons who are escaping persecution, torture, and/or cruel and unusual punishment.[lower-roman 2]
  4. Humanitarian or other: persons accepted as immigrants for humanitarian or compassionate reasons.

Following Canada's confederation in 1867, immigration played an integral role in helping develop vast tracts of land.[5] During this era, the Canadian Government would sponsor information campaigns and recruiters to encourage settlement in rural areas; however, this would primarily be only towards those of European and Christian backgrounds, while others—particularly Buddhist, Shinto, Sikh, Muslim, and Jewish immigrants—as well as the poor, ill, and disabled, would be less than welcome.[5][6] Following 1947, in the post-World War II period, Canadian domestic immigration law and policy went through significant changes, most notably with the Immigration Act, 1976, and the current Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) from 2002.[6]

History of immigration[]

Main articles: History of immigration to Canada and History of Canadian nationality law
File:Canadian pop from 1851 to 1921.jpg

A collection of four maps showing the distribution of the Canadian population for 1851 (Newfoundland 1857), 1871 (Newfoundland 1869), 1901 and 1921 by historical region.

File:Come To Stay.png

Come to Stay, printed in 1880 in the Canadian Illustrated News, which refers to immigration to the "Dominion".

Following initial British and French colonization, what is now Canada has seen four major waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-Aboriginal Peoples take place over a span of nearly two centuries. Canada is currently undergoing its fifth wave.

Periods of low immigration in Canada have also occurred: international movement was very difficult during the world wars, and there was a lack of jobs "pulling" workers to Canada during the Great Depression in Canada. Statistics Canada has tabulated the effect of immigration on population growth in Canada from 1851 to 2001.[7]

First wave, pre-1815[]

The first significant wave of non-Aboriginal immigration to Canada occurred over almost two centuries with slow, but progressive, French settlement in Quebec and Acadia, along with smaller numbers of American and European entrepreneurs in addition to British military personnel. This wave culminated with the influx of 46–50,000 British Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution, chiefly from the Mid-Atlantic States, mostly into what are now Southern Ontario, the Eastern Townships of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.[8] 36,000 of these migrants went to the Maritimes, and some would later make their way to Ontario.

Another wave of 30,000 Americans settled in Ontario and the Eastern Townships between the late 1780s and 1812 with promises of land. From forcibly having cleared land in Scotland, several thousands of Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlanders migrated to Cape Breton, Nova Scotia and parts of Eastern Ontario during this period, marking a new age for Canada and its people.

Second wave (The Great Migration), 1815–50[]

The second wave of immigrants, known as the Great Migration of Canada, saw the arrival of at least 800,000 people between 1815 and 1850, 60% of whom were British (English and Scottish), while the remainder was mostly Irish.

The Great Migration encouraged immigrants to settle in Canada after the War of 1812, including British army regulars who had served in that war. In 1815, 80% of the 250,000 English-speaking people in Canada were either American colonists or their descendants. By 1851, the percentage of Americans had dropped to 30%. Worried about another American attempt at invasion—and to counter the French-speaking influence of Quebec—colonial governors of Canada rushed to promote settlement in backcountry areas along newly constructed plank roads within organized land tracts, mostly in Upper Canada (present-day Ontario). Much of the settlements were organized by large companies to promote clearing, and thus farming of land lots.

With this wave, Irish immigration to Canada had increased in small numbers to organize land settlements and, mostly, to work on canals, timber, railroads. Irish immigration would peak from 1846 to 1849 due to the Great Famine of Ireland, which resulted in hundreds of thousands more Irish migrants arriving on Canada's shores, with a portion migrating to the United States, either in the short-term or over the subsequent decades.

This movement of people boosted Canada's population from approximately 500,000 in 1812 to 2.5 million by 1851. The Francophones would make up roughly 300,000 of the population in 1812, increasing to approx. 700,000 by the 1851 census, however, demographically Canada had swung to a majority Anglophone country. Canada's 1851 population by region would look as follows:

  • Upper Canada (Ontario): 952,000;
  • Lower Canada (Quebec): 890,000—about a quarter of whom spoke English as a first language;
  • The Maritimes: 550,000.

Canada-US[]

File:Ad to attract Immigrants to wheat belt in 1898.jpg

The government promoted cheap wheat lands in the Prairies. 1898

The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 copied the American system by offering ownership of 160 acres (65 ha) of land free (with a small registration fee) to any man over the age of 18, or any woman heading a household. They did not need to be citizens but had to live on the plot and improve it.

Also during this period, Canada became a port of entry for many Europeans seeking to gain entry into the United States. Canadian transportation companies advertised Canadian ports as a hassle-free way to enter the US, especially as the States began barring entry to certain ethnicities. Both the US and Canada mitigated this situation in 1894 with the Canadian Agreement which allowed for U.S. immigration officials to inspect ships landing at Canadian ports for immigrants excluded from the US. If found, the transporting companies were responsible for shipping the persons back.[9]

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Annual immigration to Canada 1890-1920[1]
File:Demand-oriental-exclusion-1907-Vancouver.jpg

Exclusionist cartoon in Saturday Sunset magazine by N. H. Hawkins, Vancouver (24 August 1907).

Clifford Sifton, Ottawa's Minister of the Interior (1896–1905), argued that the free western lands were ideal for growing wheat and would attract large numbers of hard-working farmers. He removed obstacles that included control of the lands by companies or organizations that did little to encourage settlement. Land companies, the Hudson's Bay Company, and school lands all accounted for large tracts of excellent property. The railways kept closed even larger tracts because they were reluctant to take legal title to the even-numbered lands they were due, thus blocking the sale of odd-numbered tracts. With the goal of maximizing immigration from Britain, eastern Canada and the US, Sifton broke the legal log jam, and set up aggressive advertising campaigns in the U.S. and Europe, with a host of agents promoting the Canadian West. He would also broker deals with ethnic groups who wanted large tracts for homogeneous settlement.[10]

Third wave, 1890–1920[]

File:Sikh men standing in front of a house at a lumber camp in British Columbia, circa 1914 (INDOCC 1526).jpg

Punjabi Sikh settlers at a lumber camp in British Columbia, circa 1914

Canada's third wave of immigration came mostly from continental Europe, and peaked before World War I from 1911 to 1913, with over 400,000 migrants in 1912—many of whom were from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Chinese immigration[]

Further information: History of Chinese immigration to Canada

Prior to 1885, restrictions on immigration were imposed mostly in response to large waves of migrants rather than planned policy decisions. Such restrictions, at least as official policy, would not explicitly target any specific group or ethnicity of people until 1885, with the passing of the first Chinese Head Tax legislation by the MacDonald government in response to a growing number of Chinese migrants working on the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Subsequent increases in the head tax in 1900 and 1903 limited Chinese entrants to Canada, followed in 1907 by major riots against 'Oriental' people (i.e. Asians) taking place in Vancouver, BC. In 1923, the government passed the Chinese Immigration Act which excluded Chinese people from entering Canada altogether between 1923 and 1947.[11] In recognizing Canada's historical discrimination against Chinese immigrants, an official government apology and compensations were announced on 22 June 2006.[12]

Fourth wave, 1940s–60s[]

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Annual immigration to Canada 1940-1969[1]

The fourth wave came from Europe following World War II, and peaked at 282,000 in 1957. With many of these migrants coming from Italy and Portugal, Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia proved to be an influential port for European immigration. From 1928 until ceasing operations in 1971, the Pier would receive 471,940 Italians, becoming the third-largest ethnic group to immigrate to Canada during that time period.[13]

Immigrants from Britain, however, were still given the highest priority,[14] and 'Canadianization' would become of great importance for new arrivals who lacked a British cultural background.[15] There would be no such effort to attract Francophone immigrants. In regard to economic opportunity, Canada was most attractive to farmers headed to the Prairies, who typically came from Eastern and Central Europe, as immigrants from Britain preferred urban life.[16] As such, the Church of England took up the role of introducing British values to farmers newly arrived in the Prairie provinces, although, in practice, they clung to their traditional religious affiliations.[17] Nonetheless, around the 1960s, Indo-Canadians would establish themselves in Canada's exurban and rural agriculture and become a dominant feature in British Columbia’s farming sector, having already primarily been established in the provincial forestry industry since the turn of the 20th century.[18] Hispanic immigrants would follow similar lines, particularly in regions that were linked with strong farming settlements immediately south of the border.[6]

With the economy still expanding, Canadians did not always demonstrate sufficient mobility to fill the hiring needs of some regions, nor to fill some economic niches (particularly “entry-level jobs”). Due to these circumstances, in 1967, the Canadian Government would introduce a points-based system, under which applicants were given preference if they knew either French, English, or both; were non-dependent adults (i.e., not too old to work); already had prospective employment lined up in Canada; had relatives in the country (who could support them if necessary); were interested in settling in the parts of Canada with the greatest need for workers; and were trained or educated in fields that were in demand. The new legislation would prove to be an integral element in attracting large numbers of immigrants from sources that were considered “non-traditional.”[6]

From then on, Canada would start to become a more multi-ethnic country with substantial non-British or non-French European elements. Ukrainian Canadians, for instance, accounted for the largest Ukrainian population outside of the Soviet Union. Also in the 1960s, young American men fled to Canada in order to avoid the U.S. draft for the Vietnam War. Especially large numbers were established in BC’s Kootenays, Gulf Islands, and Sunshine Coast, followed by others, including counterculture, back-to-the-land advocates who were more drawn to Canada.

Contemporary immigration, 1970s–present[]

File:Canadian Children Immigration.jpg

Fifth-wave Canadian children celebrating Canada Day in Vancouver, 1 July 1999

Immigration in Canada since the 1970s, or the fifth wave, has been mostly from Asia. This was largely influenced in 1976 when the Immigration Act was revised and was maintained as official government policy. The regulations introduced in 1967 consisted of 9 categories: education, occupation, professional skills, age, arranged employment, knowledge of English and/or French, relatives in Canada and “personal characteristics.” To qualify for immigration 50 points out of 100 were necessary in 1967.[19]

On 20 February 1978, Canada and Quebec sign an immigration agreement allowing Quebec decision-making power in independently choosing its immigrants, who would then still have to be approved by Ottawa.[20]

During the Mulroney administration, immigration levels were increased. From the late 1980s, the 'fifth wave' of immigration has since maintained, with slight fluctuations (225,000–275,000 annually). Today,Template:Update inline political parties remain cautious in criticizing high levels of immigration, because in the early 1990s, as noted by The Globe and Mail, Canada's Reform Party "was branded 'racist' for suggesting that immigration levels be lowered from 250,000 to 150,000".[21][22] However, the Coalition Avenir Québec who were elected in the 2018 Quebec election advocated for a reduction to the number of immigrants, to 40,000.[23]

In 2008, Stephen Harper gave then-parliamentary secretary and Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship Jason Kenney, established a mandate to integrate immigrants, while improving relationship between the government to communities to gain votes.[24] In November 2017, Immigration Minister Ahmed Hussen announced that Canada would admit nearly 1 million permanent residents over the following three years, rising from 0.7% to 1% of its population by 2020.[25] This increase was motivated by the economic needs of the country caused by an aging population.[25]

In 2008, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (now Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) ) made changes to immigration policy, such as reducing professional categories for skilled immigration and eliminating caps for immigrants in various categories.[26] Likewise, in 2015, Canada introduced the 'Express Entry' system, providing a streamlined application process for many economic immigrants.[27]

File:Sikhs on the move!.jpg

Sikhs celebrating the Sikh new year in Toronto

From 2013–2014, most of the Canadian public, as well as the country's major political parties, supported either sustaining or increasing the current level of immigration.[28][29] A sociological study conducted in 2014 concluded that "Australia and Canada are the most receptive to immigration among western nations."[30] In 2017, an Angus Reid poll indicated that a majority of respondents believed that Canada should accept fewer immigrants and refugees.[31]

According to 2016 Census data via Statistics Canada, over one in five Canadians were born abroad, while 22.3% of the Canadian population belonged to visible minorities, of whom three in ten were born in Canada.[32] Moreover, 21.9% of the Canadian population reported themselves as being or having been a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canada—close to the 1921 Census record of 22.3%, the highest level Canada has seen since Confederation in 1867.[32]

In 2019, Canada admitted 341,180 permanent residents, compared to 321,055 the previous year.[33] Among those admitted, 58% were economic immigrants and their accompanying immediate families; 27% were family class; 15% were either resettled refugees or protected persons or were in the humanitarian and other category.[33]

Immigration rate[]

Main article: Economic impact of immigration to Canada

In 2001, 250,640 people immigrated to Canada, relative to a total population of 30,007,094 people per the 2001 Census. Since 2001, immigration has ranged between 221,352 and 262,236 immigrants per annum.[34] In 2017, the Liberal government announced Canada will welcome nearly one million immigrants over the next three years. The number of migrants would climb to 310,000 in 2018, up from 300,000 in 2017. That number was projected to rise to 330,000 in 2019, then 340,000 in 2020.[35][36][37] Accordingly, between 2017 and 2018, net immigration accounted for 80% of Canada’s population increase.[38]

The three main official reasons given for the level of immigration were:

File:COB data Canada.PNG

  • The social component – Canada facilitates family reunification.
  • The humanitarian component – Relating to refugees.
  • The economic component – Attracting immigrants who will contribute economically and fill labour market needs.

Canada's level of immigration peaked in 1993 in the last year of the Progressive Conservative government and was maintained by the Liberal Party of Canada. Ambitious targets of an annual 1% per capita immigration rate were hampered by financial constraints. The Liberals committed to raising actual immigration levels further in 2005.

As Canadian political parties have been cautious about criticizing high levels of immigration, immigration levels to Canada (approx. 0.7% per year) are considerably higher per capita than to the United States (approx. 0.3% per year).

Furthermore, much of the immigration to the US is from Latin America and relatively less from Asia, though admitting about twice as many immigrants from Asian countries (e.g. China, India, the Philippines, and Pakistan) as Canada. As such, the Hispanic/Latin American population makes up the largest minority group in the United States, whereas such is true for the Asian population in Canada.

Immigrant population growth is concentrated in or around large cities (particularly Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal). These cities have experienced increased service demands that accompany strong population growth, causing concern about the capability of the infrastructure to handle influxes in such places. For example, as noted in a Toronto Star article from 14 July 2006, 43% of Canada's immigrants move to the Greater Toronto Area and that, "unless Canada cuts immigrant numbers, our major cities will not be able to maintain their social and physical infrastructures."[39] Most of the provinces that do not have one of those destination cities have implemented strategies to try to boost their share of immigration. While cities are a popular destination for new immigrants, some small towns have seen an influx of immigration due to economic reasons and local schools districts are working to adjust to the change.[40]

According to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, under the Canada–Quebec Accord of 1991, Quebec has sole responsibility for selecting most immigrants destined to the province. However, once immigrants are granted permanent residency or citizenship they are free to move between and reside in any provinces under Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

File:Immigration and public transit in Toronto, 2016.png

Immigrant settlement patterns and public transit in Toronto, 2016

Within cities, immigrants are more likely to settle in areas with better public transit service compared to non-immigrants, and are more likely to use public transit for travelling to work, partly because of costs and barriers to car ownership[41]

Illegal migration[]

File:Asylum seeker entering Canada from Roxham Road, Champlain, NY.jpg

A Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the Quebec-New York border in Lacolle directs a man entering Canada outside of a port of entry to a nearby tent for processing.

Estimates of undocumented immigrants in Canada range between 35,000 and 120,000.[42] James Bissett, a former head of the Canadian Immigration Service, has suggested that the lack of any credible refugee screening process, combined with a high likelihood of ignoring any deportation orders, has resulted in tens of thousands of outstanding warrants for the arrest of rejected refugee claimants, with little attempt at enforcement.[43] A 2008 report by the Auditor General Sheila Fraser stated that Canada has lost track of as many as 41,000 illegal immigrants.[44][45]

In August 2017, the border between Quebec and New York, most notably the former Roxham Road port of entry, saw an influx of up to 500 crossings each day outside of official ports of entry by people seeking asylum in Canada.[46] Entering Canada outside of a port of entry is not an offence under either the Criminal Code or Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, and regulations under the IRPA only require that a person seeking to enter Canada outside a point of entry to "appear without delay" at the nearest port of entry.[47] While entering Canada outside of a port of entry may represent an unlawful act, section 133 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act requires that charges related to any offences associated with entering Canada are stayed while an entrant's claim is being processed in accordance with the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.[48]

As result, Canada increased border patrol and immigration staffing in the area, reiterating that crossing the border outside ports of entry (referred to as 'irregular migration') had no effect on one's asylum status.[49][50] It is reported that over 38,000 'irregular migrants' arrived in Canada since early 2017.

For the same reason, both Ontario and Quebec requested the Government of Canada to provide Template:CAD or more to cover their cost of burden to house and provide services to asylum seekers. Related to asylum seekers, Canada joined 164 countries in signing the UN Global Compact for Migration in 2018. The 2017 government claims it is for following careful measures and to meet international obligations in accommodating irregular migrants.[51]

Settlement workers[]

Settlement workers help immigrants into Canada understand their rights and responsibilities and find the programs and services they need to integrate with the new culture and the prospects of a livelihood. They motivate organizations to hire immigrants and support immigration through recruiting new members/ employees. They work with government agencies, school boards, libraries and other community organizations with networks of resources.[52] These working relationships also help to provide families with the tools necessary to manage the changing identities of new immigrant families to Canada.[40]

Dual intent migration: International students[]

Canada is an education haven for international students desirous to gain a North American education. According to Project Atlas, Canada is the world’s fourth most popular destination for foreign students. The government by opening its gates to international students across the country has given an economic boom to the education sector. In 2019 alone, it is estimated that a revenue of $21 billion was gained from tuition alone.[53][54] In a given year it is estimated that around 600,000 international students reside in the country as temporary residents.[55]

In 2019 it was reported that there is a new trend in exploiting Canadian visa process, where immigrant consultants/lawyers with food franchises, motels, gas stations, and family run business' collect substantial cash from students and foreign nationals for supporting them with LMIA and in their permanent resident applications.[56][57] In 2019 groups of international students protested for receiving permanent residence status at the time of their arrival in Canada and commented that "migrant students should have the same rights, and that means full labour rights, the same fees, and permanent resident status from day one and that's just fair for the money they spend in Canada."[58] Part of what the international student bodies across the provinces are saying is to disregard the immigration system Canada has in place or manipulate them in ways that give international students special rights, equalize their tuition fees to the subsidized fees of domestic students, and being a full-time worker is more important to them and education is only a secondary objective. In 2020 too international student bodies across Canada has pleaded for the same rights to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic.[59]

Attitudes towards immigration[]

The vast majority of the Canadian public as well as the major political parties support immigration.[28]

2016[]

In October 2016, the Angus Reid Institute partnered with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) to conduct a study of 'Canadian values.'[60] Survey results would indicate that about 68% of those polled said that they wanted minorities to do more to fit into the mainstream. However, the same number also said that they were nonetheless happy with how immigrants have integrated themselves into the community. Moreover, 79% of Canadians believe immigration policy should be based on the country's economic and labour needs, rather than on the needs of foreigners to escape crises in their home countries.

Canada's finance minister Bill Morneau established the Advisory Council on Economic Growth, which called for a gradual increase in permanent immigration to Canada to 450,000 people a year.[61][62]

In an analysis of the survey, Angus Reid, himself, wrote that Canadians' commitment to multiculturalism is not increasing and that Canadian attitudes have been affected by the wake of North American and European nationalist movements, due to which certain provinces have even begun to develop colourist preferences. Reid also expressed his discomfort in the effect that an increase in illiterate refugees may have on Canadian society. Nonetheless, he found that the majority of newcomers and refugees feel that they are treated fairly and welcomed as a "Canadian."[63]

2017–2018[]

According to a 2017 poll, 32% of Canadians—up from 30% in 2016—believed that too many refugees were coming to Canada. The poll also asked respondents about their comfortability with surface-level diversity (e.g. around people of a different race), to which 89% said they were comfortable—a number that dropped from 94% in 2005–06.[64]

In 2018, an Angus Reid poll found that two-thirds (67%) of Canadians agreed that the situation of illegal immigration to Canada constitutes a "crisis" and that Canada's "ability to handle the situation is at a limit." Among respondents who voted in the 2015 election, 56% of those who voted Liberal and 55% of those who voted NDP agreed that the matter had reached a crisis level—agreed upon with 87% of respondents who voted Conservative in the 2015 election. Six out of ten respondents also told the pollster that Canada is "too generous" towards would-be refugees, a spike of five percentage points since the question was asked the previous year.[65][66]

2019[]

EKOS Research Associates, in a 2019 poll, found that about 40% of Canadians feel that there are too many non-white immigrants coming to the country.[67] EKOS expressed this number as demonstrating an increase from those who opposed immigration in previous years, and as an evidence for resurgence of colonial depictions that can lead to racialization of new non-white immigrants.[68][69]

In a 2019 poll by Léger Marketing, 63% of respondents wanted limits to be set on immigration, while 37% said immigration should be expanded. The results would show a split along party lines, as Green and Conservative Party supporters favoured a reduction, while Liberal and NDP supporters favoured the opposite. Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, Ahmed Hussen felt that the poll results may be indicative of the concerns of some Canadians about housing shortages and the ability of communities to absorb more people.[70]

2020[]

In a 2020 poll conducted by Nanos Research Group, 17 percent of respondents said an increase to the number of immigrants accepted into the country (compared to 2019) was acceptable, 36 percent said there should be no change, and 40 percent wanted a reduction.[71] Rima Wilkes, a University of British Columbia professor raised a question about why consultation with First Nations is not made for shaping immigration policies while in almost every aspect there is one when it comes to sharing of unceded land and water resources.[72] Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) data in 2020 shows that there were 12,122 deportations and out of them 1,657 were administrative removals.[73]

History of citizenship and emigration[]

Citizenship[]

Main article: History of British nationality law

The word 'Canadian' as a term of nationality or citizenship was first used under the Immigration Act, 1910, to designate those British subjects who were domiciled in Canada, whereas all other British subjects required permission to land. A separate status of "Canadian national" was created under the Canadian Nationals Act, 1921, which would broaden the definition of 'Canadian' to include such citizen's wife and children (fathered by the citizen) who had not yet landed in Canada. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, the monarchy ceased to be an exclusively British institution. Thus, Canadians—as well as all others living among what is known today as the Commonwealth realms—were regarded as subjects of the Crown. However, in legal documents, the term 'British subject' continued to be used, hence 'Canadians' were still, officially, British subjects born or regularly domiciled in Canada.[citation needed]

In 1946, Canada would be the first nation in the then-British Commonwealth to establish its own nationality law, with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946, taking effect on 1 January 1947. In order to be deemed a Canadian citizen, one generally had to be a British subject on the date that the Act took effect, or had been admitted to Canada as landed immigrants before that date. First Nations people were later included by amendment in 1956. The phrase 'British subject' referred generally to anyone from the United Kingdom, its colonies at the time, or a Commonwealth country. Acquisition and loss of British-subject status before 1947 was determined by British law.[citation needed]

Many of the provisions to acquire or lose Canadian citizenship that existed under the 1946 legislation were repealed, whereby Canadian citizens generally would no longer be subject to involuntary loss of citizenship, barring revocation on the grounds of immigration fraud. On 15 February 1977, Canada removed restrictions on dual citizenship.

Present[]

Canada offers Canadian citizenship through naturalization. In 2006, the Canadian government reduced the landing fee per immigrant by 50%.[74] In June 2017, the implementation of the first of a series of important reforms to the Citizenship Act took effect. These reforms restored many of the previous requirements that were in place for over 3 decades in Canada before they were removed and replaced with more stringent criteria by the former Conservative government in 2015. The most important of these changes include:[75][76]

  • The requirement of permanent residence for 3 out of 5 years during the period immediately prior to filing the application.
  • Removal of a physical presence rule.
  • Persons aged 14 to 54 years must pass a Canadian knowledge test and demonstrate a basic ability in either of English or French, Canada's official languages.
  • Revocation of citizenship must follow a more formal and balanced process.

Emigration[]

While emigration from Canada to the United States has historically exceeded immigration, there have been short periods in which the reverse was true, such as:

  • during the American Revolution, with the migration of Loyalist refugees;
  • during the various gold rushes of British Columbia, and the later Klondike Gold Rush, which saw many American prospectors inhabiting B.C. and the Yukon;
  • in the early 20th century, when land settlers moved from the Northern Plains to the Prairies

Canada would also see mass emigration during periods of political turmoil or war, such as the Vietnam War. There are over 1 million Americans living in Canada, and over 1 million Canadians living in the US, with many millions more who are descendants of Canadian immigrants to the US—New England alone is 20–25% of Canadian descent.

Immigration has always been offset by emigration: at times this was of great concerns of governments intent on filling up the country, particularly the western provinces. The United States was overall the primary destination followed by reverse migration. As a result, the population of Canada at Confederation (1867) was 3.75 million, or 10% of the US population, an average that maintained from about 1830 to 1870. This number would drop to 6% by 1900 due to large emigration to the US, despite large-scale immigration to Canada. Emigration to the US was only 370,000 in the 1870s; averaged a million a decade from 1880 to 1910; almost 750,000 from 1911 to 1920 and 1.25 million from 1921 to 1930. They consisted of both native-born Canadians and recent immigrants from various, mostly European nations. Between 1945 and 1965, emigration to the US averaged 40–45,000 annually. It was not until 1960 that the population of Canada reached the 10% mark again, or 18 million.

As of 2017, with over 35 million people, Canada has 10.8% of the population of its southern neighbour. In times of economic difficulty, Canadian governments frequently resorted to deportation and coerced "voluntary" deportation to thin out ranks of unemployed workers. However, by the time of the administration of Mackenzie King, it was realized that this was an improvident short-term solution that would result in future labour shortages (that immigration was initially intended to overcome).[77]

Immigration categories[]

File:Sean Fraser MP September 2021.jpg

Canadian Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Sean Fraser

In Canadian law, (legal) permanent immigrants are categorized by IRCC as either of the following:[4][38]

  1. Family: persons closely related to one or more Canadian residents who live in Canada.
  2. Economic: skilled workers, caregivers, or business persons.
  3. Protected person or Refugee: persons who are escaping persecution, torture, and/or cruel and unusual punishment.
  4. Humanitarian or other: persons accepted as immigrants for humanitarian or compassionate reasons.

In March 2019, the Canadian Government announced its Francophone Immigration Strategy as an initiative to increase immigration outside of Quebec for French-speaking individuals in all admission categories.[38]

In 2010, Canada accepted 280,681 immigrants (permanent and temporary) of which 186,913 (67%) were Economic immigrants; 60,220 (22%) were Family class; 24,696 (9%) were Refugees; and 8,845 (2%) were others through working holidays, internships, and studies.[78][79] In 2019, with 341,180 admissions, Canada achieved its highest level of permanent resident admissions in recent history.[38]

Economic immigrants[]

The Economic Immigration Class is the largest source of permanent resident admissions in Canada.[38] In 2019, 196,658 individuals were admitted to Canada under the Economic Class, making up approximately 58% of all admissions that year, and a 5.5% increase from 2018. This represents a record-high number of admissions under this category.[38]

Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Number of economic immigrants permitted[38] 170,390 156,028 159,289 186,366 196,658

IRCC uses seven sub-categories of economic immigrants, including skilled workers, under the following classes:[4]

  • Quebec skilled worker;[80]
  • Federal skilled trades;
  • Federal skilled worker;
  • Provincial nominee class; and
  • Canadian experience class: the process is done by submitting an online profile to the Express Entry pool, under one of three federal Canada immigration programs or a provincial immigration program. The highest ranked candidates are then invited to apply for permanent residence.[81]

The business immigration programs that offer permanent admission to Canada include:

  • Quebec Immigrant Investor Program (QIIP)[34]
  • Quebec Entrepreneur Program;
  • Quebec Self-Employed;
  • Federal Start-Up Visa program.

Federal Start-Up Visa program[]

This program grants Canadian permanent residence to qualified entrepreneurs wishing to establish their start-up business in Canada. Successful candidates must get the support of one or more of the designated organizations: Venture capital funds, Angel investor groups, Business incubators.[82]

Applicants must also supply proof of sufficient settlement funds to apply for the program.[83] Individuals with a certain net worth can also apply for permanent residence via certain programs.[84] For business owners and investor immigrants who do not fit into the Start-Up business class or Quebec Provincial programs, there is a Federal Owner Operator LMIA pathway that if executed correctly can lead to permanent admission to Canada.[85]

The high-profile Skilled worker principal applicants group comprised 19.8% of all immigration in 2005. Canada has also created a VIP Business Immigration Program which allows immigrants with sufficient business experience or management experience to receive the Permanent Residency in a shorter period than other types of immigration.

As of May 1, 2014, the Federal Skilled Worker Class opened once again accepting 25,000 applicants with intake caps at 1,000 per category. A New Economic Action Plan 2015 took effect in January 2015 in which the skilled worker program will be more of an employer based program. The current list of accepted occupations for 2014 includes many occupations such as senior managers, accountants, physicians and medical professionals, professionals in marketing and advertising, real estate professionals and many more.[86]

A candidate's eligibility for Federal Skilled Worker category is assessed based on six selection factor points and scored on a scale of 100. The current pass mark is 67 points.[87][88] Six Selection Factor Points:

  • Language skills points
  • Education points
  • Work experience points
  • Age points
  • Arranged employment in Canada points
  • Adaptability points

The changes in 2015 moved permanent residency in Canada away from the "first come, first served" model, and towards a new structure that took on permanent residents based on Canada's economic need. The system is called "Express Entry".[89] Alberta's Immigrant Nominee Program (AINP),[90] in particular, allows skilled workers, along with their families, to make application for permanent residency, and several large Alberta employers with operations in rural areas actively recruit employees from abroad and support them and their families in seeking permanent residency.[40]

Canada announced a new immigration quota of 1.2 million for 2021-2023, with targets of 401,000 new permanent residents in year 2021, 411,000 in 2022 and 421,000 in 2023.[91]

In an effort to meet the 2021 target, on April 14, 2021 Canada created a new immigration pathway to permanent residency for essential workers and international graduates already in Canada. Temporary workers with at least one year of Canadian work experience in a health-care profession or another pre-approved essential occupation, and international students who graduated from a Canadian institution in 2017 or later are eligible. The maximum numbers of immigrants under this program are 20,000 temporary workers in health care, 30,000 temporary workers in other selected essential occupations, and 40,000 international students.[92][93]

Family class[]

Both citizens and permanent residents may sponsor family members to immigrate to Canada as permanent residents, under the requirement that the sponsor is able to accept financial responsibility for the individual for a given period of time.[38]

In 2019, 91,311 individuals were admitted under the Family Reunification category, which is a 7.2% increase from 2018 and a record high. Also that year, 80% of parent and grandparent applications were processed within 19 months, an improvement from 72 months in 2017.[38]

Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Projected
2021 2022 2023
Spouse, partners and children 49,997 60,955 61,973 67,140 69,298
Parent and grandparent 15,489 17,043 20,495 18,030 22,011
Total family reunification[38] 65,485 77,998 82,468 85,170 91,311 76,000–105,000 74,000–105,000 74,000–106,000

Humanitarian and compassionate immigration[]

Canada also grants permanent residency based on humanitarian and compassionate grounds on a case-by-case basis, or certain public policy considerations under exceptional circumstances. In 2019, there were 4,681 permanent residents admitted through these streams.[38]

Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
People admitted under humanitarian and compassionate grounds[38] 4,315 3,792 3,631 4,026 4,681

Refugees and protected persons[]

Further information: Canadian refugee law

Each year, IRCC facilitates the admission of a targeted number of permanent residents under the refugee resettlement category. Under Canadian nationality law, an immigrant can apply for citizenship after living in Canada for 1095 days (3 years) in any five-year period provided that they lived in Canada as a permanent resident for at least two of those years.[94] Opposition parties have advocated for providing one-year free residency permits for refugees as an opportunity to increase their living standards until they are ready to migrate back to their home countries, rather than uprooting them from their heritage and culture in forms of relief.[95][96]

The CBSA is responsible for administering persons who enter Canada through its designated ports of entry (POE); the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) are responsible for those who enter Canada unlawfully, i.e., enter between designated POEs.[97]

A person who is seeking asylum in Canada must be first considered eligible by the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB).[98] The IRB classifies eligible refugees into two separate categories:[98]

  • Convention Refugees: Someone who is outside and unable to return to their home country due to a fear of persecution based on several factors including race, religion, and political opinion. (This is outlined by the United Nations' multilateral treaty, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.)
  • Protected Persons: Claims for asylum under this category are usually made at a point of entry into Canada. Those claiming to be a person in need of protection must be unable to return to their home country safely because they would be subjected to a danger of torture, risk for their life, or risk of cruel and unusual treatment.
Refugee statistics, by sponsorship[38]
Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Blended Sponsorship Refugee 811 4,435 1,285 1,149 993
Government-Assisted Refugee 9,488 23,628 8,638 8,093 9,951
Privately Sponsored Refugee 9,747 18,642 16,699 18,568 19,143
Total 20,046 46,705 26,622 27,810 30,087

Claiming asylum in Canada[]

File:Tents for asylum seeker processing on Canadian side of Roxham Road border.jpg

Tents set up on the Canadian side of border between Quebec and New York in 2017 to process asylum applicants entering Canada irregularly.

Individuals can make an asylum claim in Canada at a port of entry, at a CBSA inland office or an IRCC inland office. CBSA or IRCC officials will then determine if an individual is eligible to make an asylum claim.[97]

After entry, an interview for eligibility is conducted to deem whether the asylum seeker is allowed or declined admission into Canada. Those who are admitted submit their reasons for admissibility, in writing. The IRB hears their case after 60 days; in favourable terms, the claimants are accepted as refugees.[99] If the claims are not deemed appropriate by the interviewer, the asylum seeker may be deported.

There are many instances in which claims have been deemed ineligible for referral to the IRB, notably those by migrants who seek entry into Canada through the United States, where the Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) is applied.[98] The STCA dictates persons seeking asylum must make their claim in the first country in which they arrive—either the US or Canada—unless they qualify for an exception. Therefore, if an asylum seeker were to enter the US (as a non-U.S. citizen), make their way to the Canada–U.S. land border, and then attempt to enter Canada with a claim for asylum, they would be denied entry under the STCA. The Agreement is responsible for limiting refugee eligibility to enter Canada and the rejection of several hundred claims a year since its implementation.[100] The CBSA reported that 6,000–14,000 claims were made before the implementation of the STCA, and dropped to an average of 4,000 claims per year after its implementation.[101]

Asylum claimants have been subjected to "indirect refoulment", a consequence of a persons claim in Canada being refused under the STCA, subjecting them to deportation to the destination in which the person was originally seeking asylum from, due to more conservative immigration and refugee policies in the U.S.[102]

Protected persons[]

The IRCC provides support for protected persons and their dependants, whereby protected persons are defined as asylum claimants who are granted protected status by Canada. In 2019, 18,443 individuals obtained permanent residence under the protected persons in Canada and dependents abroad category.[38]

Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
People admitted as protected persons and dependents[38] 12,068 12,209 14,499 17,683 18,443

Refugees in detention[]

As part of the passing of Bill C-31 in December 2012, asylum seekers arriving at a point of entry on the Canada–United States border have been subject to incarceration and detention.[103] Claimants are subject to detention for failing to provide sufficient identification documents, which is in violation with the United Nations Refugee Convention, to which Canada is a signatory.[103] In 2010–2011, Canada detained 8,838 people, of which 4,151 of them were asylum seekers or rejected refugee claimants.[104] There is a requirement to the maximum time limit spent in detention upon being released, a situation which has been subject to criticism held in contrast to areas in Europe: Ireland (30 days), France (32 days), Spain (40 days), and Italy (60 days).[104]

Refugees programs[]

The IRCC funds several programs that provide supports and services to resettled refugees.[97]

The Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program is an initiative whereby refugees may resettle in Canada with support and funding from private or joint government-private sponsorship.[105] Established under Operation Lifeline in 1978,[106] the program has since resettled and provided support for over 200,000 refugees[107] under various initiatives and with fluctuating annual intakes.[108]

Pre-departure services backed by IRCC include Canadian Orientation Abroad training and coverage for certain medical services received prior to arriving in Canada. All resettled refugees in Canada receive temporary health care coverage; the IRCC, along with civil-society and sponsorship organizations, also provide:[97]

  • income support
  • immediate and essential supports and services upon arrival (e.g., housing)
    • assistance in securing housing
  • settlement services, including language training
  • Other refugee-support programs

Asylum statistics[]

Individuals can make an asylum claim in Canada at a port of entry, at a CBSA inland office or an IRCC inland office. CBSA or IRCC officials will then determine if an individual is eligible to make an asylum claim.[97]

Asylum claimants processed by the IRCC and CBSA, Jan–Nov 2020[97]
Province / Territory CBSA ports of entry CBSA inland office CBSA total IRCC total CBSA and IRCC total
Alberta 85 [lower-alpha 1] 85 760 845
British Columbia 225 140 365 1,705 2,070
Manitoba 30 30 135 165
New Brunswick 5 0 5 30 35
Newfoundland and Labrador 0 5 5
Nunavut 0 0 0 0 0
Northwest Territories 0 0 0 0 0
Nova Scotia 55 55
Ontario 2,070 95 2165 7,875 10,040
Prince Edward Island 0 0 0 10 10
Quebec 4,730 80 4810 4,575 9,385
Saskatchewan 5 5 30 35
Yukon 0 0 0 0
Total 7,150 315 7,465 15,180 22,645
  1. All values between 0 and 5 are shown as “—” in order to prevent individuals from being identified when data is compiled and compared to other publicly available statistics. All other values are rounded to the closest multiple of 5 for the same reason; as a result of rounding, data may not sum to the totals indicated.
RCMP interceptions, Jan–Nov 2020[97]
Province / Territory Total
Alberta 0
British Columbia 76
Manitoba 26
New Brunswick 0
Newfoundland and Labrador 1
Nunavut 0
Northwest Territories 0
Nova Scotia 0
Ontario 0
Prince Edward Island 0
Quebec 3,163
Saskatchewan 0
Yukon 0
Total 3,266

Francophone Immigration Strategy[]

In March 2019, the Canadian Government announced its Francophone Immigration Strategy purposed to achieve a target of 4.4% of French-speaking immigrants of all admissions, outside of Quebec, by 2023.[38]

The strategy's Welcoming Francophone Communities Initiative provides $12.6 million to 14 selected communities (2020 to 2023) for projects to support and welcome French-speaking newcomers. In 2019, IRCC’s Settlement Program launched new official-language training services for French-speaking newcomers who settle in Francophone communities outside of Quebec. Seven organizations were selected to receive up to $7.6 million over 4 years.[38]

French-speaking permanent residents admitted outside Quebec in 2019[38]
Immigration categories Total Percentage
Economic class 5,523 65%
Family-sponsored 1,420 17%
Resettled refugees and protected persons[lower-roman 3] 1,445 17%
Other immigrants 81 1%
Total 8,469 100%

Sources of immigration[]

Canada receives its immigrant population from almost 200 countries. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, almost one-half of the population could have at least one foreign-born parent.[109] The number of visible ethno-cultural composition of population will double and make up the minority of the population of cities in Canada.[110]

Totals[]

21st century censuses[]

Total immigrant population by country of birth, 2016 Canadian census
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.[111]
Rank Country of birth Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 7,540,830 N/A 21.88%
1 Flag of India.svg India 668,565 8.87% 1.94%
2 Flag of the People's Republic of China China 649,260 8.61% 1.88% Officially the People's Republic of China.
Excludes Hong Kong and Macau (included in this table below).
3 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg.png Philippines 588,305 7.8% 1.71%
4 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 499,120 6.62% 1.45% Officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Includes Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Ireland. Excludes Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, and British Overseas Territories.
5 Flag of the United States.svg United States 253,715 3.36% 0.74%
6 Flag of Italy.svg Italy 236,635 3.14% 0.69%
7 File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong 208,935 2.77% 0.61% Officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
8 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 202,255 2.68% 0.59%
9 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 169,250 2.24% 0.49% Many from the former Republic of Vietnam
10 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 154,420 2.05% 0.45%
11 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 146,470 1.94% 0.43%
12 Flag of Germany.svg Germany 145,840 1.93% 0.42%
13 File:Flag of Portugal.svg.png Portugal 139,450 1.85% 0.4%
14 File:Flag of Jamaica.svg.png Jamaica 138,345 1.83% 0.4%
15 File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka 131,995 1.75% 0.38%
16 Template:Country data Korea, South 123,305 1.64% 0.36% Officially the Republic of Korea.
17 Flag of France.svg France 105,570 1.4% 0.31%
18 File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti 93,485 1.24% 0.27%
19 Flag of Romania.svg Romania 90,310 1.2% 0.26%
20 Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon 88,740 1.18% 0.26%
21 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 88,475 1.17% 0.26%
22 File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana 87,680 1.16% 0.25%
23 Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 80,590 1.07% 0.23%
24 Flag of Russia.svg Russia 78,685 1.04% 0.23%
25 Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 73,030 0.97% 0.21%
26 File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 70,040 0.93% 0.2%
27 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco 69,655 0.92% 0.2%
28 File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq 68,490 0.91% 0.2%
29 File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago 65,035 0.86% 0.19%
30 Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria 64,625 0.86% 0.19%
31 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 64,620 0.86% 0.19%
32 File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan 63,770 0.85% 0.19%
33 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 62,715 0.83% 0.18%
34 File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh 58,735 0.78% 0.17%
35 Flag of Syria.svg Syria 52,955 0.7% 0.15%
36 Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan 51,960 0.69% 0.15%
37 Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador 48,075 0.64% 0.14%
38 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 44,660 0.59% 0.13%
39 Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 42,430 0.56% 0.12%
40 Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 40,040 0.53% 0.12%
41 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 36,825 0.49% 0.11%
42 File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg.png Bosnia and Herzegovina 36,135 0.48% 0.1%
43 Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 33,320 0.44% 0.1% Excludes Kosovo.
44 Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia 32,790 0.43% 0.1%
45 File:Flag of Peru.svg.png Peru 29,615 0.39% 0.09%
46 Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 29,315 0.39% 0.09%
47 Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 28,320 0.38% 0.08% Also known as the Republic of Ireland
48 Flag of Japan Japan 27,245 0.36% 0.08%
49 File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia 27,230 0.36% 0.08%
50 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya 27,150 0.36% 0.08%
51 Flag of Israel.svg Israel 26,735 0.35% 0.08%
52 File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 26,710 0.35% 0.08%
53 Flag of Chile.svg Chile 26,705 0.35% 0.08%
54 Template:Country data Congo, Democratic Republic of the 25,655 0.34% 0.07%
55 File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji 24,660 0.33% 0.07%
56 File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 23,785 0.32% 0.07%
57 File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia 23,320 0.31% 0.07%
58 Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana 22,910 0.3% 0.07%
59 Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 21,115 0.28% 0.06% Includes Norfolk Island.
60 Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 21,065 0.28% 0.06%
61 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 20,990 0.28% 0.06%
62 Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 20,775 0.28% 0.06%
63 File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania 20,600 0.27% 0.06%
64 Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia 20,080 0.27% 0.06%
65 Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 19,430 0.26% 0.06%
66 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 19,040 0.25% 0.06%
67 Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 18,935 0.25% 0.05%
68 Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 18,635 0.25% 0.05%
69 File:Flag of Cameroon.svg.png Cameroon 18,570 0.25% 0.05%
70 Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 17,850 0.24% 0.05%
71 Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 17,605 0.23% 0.05%
72 File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia 17,435 0.23% 0.05%
73 File:Flag of Guatemala.svg.png Guatemala 17,275 0.23% 0.05%
74 File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius 15,900 0.21% 0.05%
75 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria 15,845 0.21% 0.05%
76 Flag of Albania.svg Albania 15,365 0.2% 0.04%
77 Flag of Kuwait Kuwait 15,235 0.2% 0.04%
78 File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand 15,075 0.2% 0.04%
79 File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea 15,010 0.2% 0.04%
80 Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 14,965 0.2% 0.04%
81 File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos 14,475 0.19% 0.04%
82 File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 14,410 0.19% 0.04%
83 File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal 14,390 0.19% 0.04%
84 File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 14,280 0.19% 0.04%
85 File:Flag of Barbados.svg.png Barbados 14,095 0.19% 0.04%
86 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan 13,295 0.18% 0.04%
87 Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda 13,210 0.18% 0.04%
88 Template:Country data St. Vincent and the Grenadines 12,945 0.17% 0.04%
89 Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 12,515 0.17% 0.04%
90 Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 12,450 0.17% 0.04%
91 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 11,820 0.16% 0.03%
92 File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast 11,325 0.15% 0.03% Also known as Côte d'Ivoire.
93 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 11,190 0.15% 0.03%
94 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan 10,820 0.14% 0.03%
95 Flag of Spain.svg Spain 10,700 0.14% 0.03%
96 File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 10,605 0.14% 0.03%
97 File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe 10,495 0.14% 0.03%
98 File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg Macedonia 10,300 0.14% 0.03% Officially the Republic of North Macedonia.
Also known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United Nations and other international bodies.
99 File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada 10,265 0.14% 0.03%
100 Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 9,880 0.13% 0.03% Includes Niue and Tokelau.
101 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 9,865 0.13% 0.03%
102 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 9,525 0.13% 0.03%
103 Flag of Burundi Burundi 8,470 0.11% 0.02%
104 Template:Country data Burma Myanmar 8,215 0.11% 0.02% Also known as Burma.
105 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 8,210 0.11% 0.02%
106 Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine, West Bank and Gaza Strip 8,210 0.11% 0.02% Recorded as "West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine)", since "Palestine" refers to pre-1948 British mandate Palestine.
West Bank and Gaza Strip are the territories referred to in the Oslo I Accord, signed by Israel and the PLO in 1993.
107 File:Flag of Honduras.svg Honduras 7,790 0.1% 0.02%
108 Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo 7,610 0.1% 0.02%
109 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal 7,515 0.1% 0.02%
110 File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta 7,465 0.1% 0.02%
111 File:Flag of Paraguay.svg.png Paraguay 7,305 0.1% 0.02%
112 Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 6,630 0.09% 0.02%
113 File:Flag of Uruguay.svg.png Uruguay 6,535 0.09% 0.02%
114 File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan 6,385 0.08% 0.02%
115 Flag of Libya.svg Libya 6,300 0.08% 0.02%
116 Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda 6,105 0.08% 0.02%
117 Template:Country data St. Lucia 6,100 0.08% 0.02%
118 Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 5,875 0.08% 0.02%
119 File:Flag of Macau.svg Macau 5,750 0.08% 0.02% Officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of China.
120 Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan 5,540 0.07% 0.02%
121 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea 5,190 0.07% 0.02%
122 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 4,980 0.07% 0.01%
123 File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei 4,485 0.06% 0.01%
124 Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg Bolivia 4,400 0.06% 0.01%
125 File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan 4,250 0.06% 0.01%
126 Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 4,165 0.06% 0.01%
127 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus 4,020 0.05% 0.01%
128 Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica 3,950 0.05% 0.01%
129 Flag of Norway.svg Norway 3,885 0.05% 0.01%
130 Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 3,845 0.05% 0.01%
131 File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia 3,715 0.05% 0.01%
132 File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar 3,555 0.05% 0.01%
133 File:Flag of Togo.svg Togo 3,350 0.04% 0.01%
134 Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 3,200 0.04% 0.01%
135 File:Flag of Angola.svg.png Angola 3,120 0.04% 0.01%
136 Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone 3,040 0.04% 0.01%
137 File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan 2,980 0.04% 0.01%
138 File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen 2,960 0.04% 0.01%
139 Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica 2,775 0.04% 0.01%
140 File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin 2,760 0.04% 0.01%
141 Flag of Panama.svg Panama 2,620 0.03% 0.01%
142 Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia 2,570 0.03% 0.01%
143 Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar 2,485 0.03% 0.01%
144 File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia 2,480 0.03% 0.01%
145 Template:Country data Congo, Republic of the 2,460 0.03% 0.01%
146 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain 2,390 0.03% 0.01%
147 File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda 2,310 0.03% 0.01%
148 File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti 2,235 0.03% 0.01%
149 Template:Country data St. Kitts and Nevis 2,105 0.03% 0.01%
150 File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali 2,095 0.03% 0.01%
151 File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize 1,995 0.03% 0.01%
152 File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso 1,980 0.03% 0.01%
153 File:Flag of Montenegro.svg.png Montenegro 1,865 0.02% 0.01%
154 File:Flag of Bermuda.svg Bermuda 1,845 0.02% 0.01%
155 Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas 1,635 0.02% 0%
156 File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad 1,595 0.02% 0%
157 File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman 1,540 0.02% 0%
158 File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia 1,420 0.02% 0%
159 Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan 1,310 0.02% 0%
160 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique 1,255 0.02% 0%
161 File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon 1,080 0.01% 0%
162 File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic 1,055 0.01% 0%
163 File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname 1,050 0.01% 0%
164 File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia 1,035 0.01% 0%
164 Others 1,035 0.01% 0% Includes a small number of immigrants who were born in Canada, as well as other places of birth not included elsewhere (e.g. 'born at sea').
164 File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles 1,035 0.01% 0%
167 File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger 1,030 0.01% 0%
168 File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania 905 0.01% 0%
169 File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana 850 0.01% 0%
170 Template:Country data Korea, North 780 0.01% 0% Officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
171 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 675 0.01% 0%
172 Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi 670 0.01% 0%
173 File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia 665 0.01% 0%
174 File:Flag of France.svg Martinique 640 0.01% 0%
175 File:Flag of Montserrat.svg Montserrat 610 0.01% 0%
176 File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 590 0.01% 0%
177 File:Flag of Aruba.svg Aruba 580 0.01% 0%
178 File:Flag of France.svg Guadeloupe 515 0.01% 0%
179 Flag of Puerto Rico.svg Puerto Rico 505 0.01% 0%
180 Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan 500 0.01% 0%
181 File:Flag of Curaçao.svg Curaçao 470 0.01% 0%
182 File:Flag of the Isle of Man.svg Isle of Man 415 0.01% 0%
183 File:Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini 400 0.01% 0%
184 File:Flag of Jersey.svg Jersey 360 0% 0%
185 File:Flag of France.svg Réunion 295 0% 0%
186 Template:Country data Saint Pierre and Miquelon St. Pierre and Miquelon 290 0% 0%
187 Flag of France.svg French Guiana 280 0% 0%
188 File:Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg Cayman Islands 270 0% 0%
189 File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg.png Papua New Guinea 235 0% 0%
190 File:Flags of New Caledonia.svg New Caledonia 220 0% 0%
191 File:Flag of Guernsey.svg Guernsey 195 0% 0%
192 File:Flag of French Polynesia.svg French Polynesia 185 0% 0%
192 File:Flag of Sint Maarten.svg Sint Maarten 185 0% 0% Part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
194 File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde 170 0% 0%
195 File:Flag of Gibraltar.svg Gibraltar 160 0% 0%
196 File:Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa 155 0% 0%
197 File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros 140 0% 0%
197 File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga 140 0% 0%
199 File:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg.png Northern Mariana Islands 120 0% 0%
200 File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau 110 0% 0%
200 File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco 110 0% 0%
202 File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho 105 0% 0%
203 Template:Country data Virgin Islands, United States 90 0% 0%
204 Template:Country data Virgin Islands, British 85 0% 0%
205 File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein 65 0% 0%
206 File:Flag of Anguilla.svg Anguilla 60 0% 0%
206 File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea 60 0% 0%
206 File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg Turks and Caicos Islands 60 0% 0%
209 File:Flag of Greenland.svg Greenland 55 0% 0%
210 File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives 50 0% 0%
211 File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands 40 0% 0%
212 File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg Faroe Islands 35 0% 0%
213 File:Flag of Guam.svg.png Guam 30 0% 0%
213 File:Flag of Palau.svg Palau 30 0% 0%
213 File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu 30 0% 0%
216 Template:Country data Bonaire 25 0% 0%
216 File:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru 25 0% 0%
216 File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe 25 0% 0%
216 File:Flag of East Timor.svg East Timor 25 0% 0% Also known as Timor-Leste.
220 File:Flag of Andorra.svg.png Andorra 20 0% 0%
220 File:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati 20 0% 0%
220 File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands 20 0% 0%
223 File:Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg Falkland Islands 10 0% 0%
223 Template:Country data Micronesia, Federated States of 10 0% 0%
223 Template:Country data Saint Barthélemy 10 0% 0%
223 Template:Country data Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha St. Helena 10 0% 0% Officially Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
223 Template:Country data Wallis and Futuna 10 0% 0%
223 File:Flag of Åland.svg Åland Islands 10 0% 0%
Total immigrants 7,540,830 100% 21.88%

20th century censuses[]

Total immigrant population by country of birth, 1971 Canadian census[112]
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Rank Country of birth Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 3,295,535 N/A 15.28%
1 Flag of Italy.svg Italy 385,755 11.71% 1.79%
2 Flag of the United States.svg United States 309,640 9.4% 1.44%
3 Flag of Germany.svg Germany 211,060 6.4% 0.98%
4 Other British Commonwealth 170,105 5.16% 0.79%
5 File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union 160,120 4.86% 0.74%
6 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 160,040 4.86% 0.74%
7 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 133,525 4.05% 0.62%
8 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria & File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 108,945 3.31% 0.51%
9 Other Europe 85,550 2.6% 0.4%
10 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 78,780 2.39% 0.37%
11 File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia 78,285 2.38% 0.36%
12 Scandinavia 60,210 1.83% 0.28% Excluding Finland
13 Flag of the People's Republic of China China 57,150 1.73% 0.26%
14 Other Asia 52,795 1.6% 0.24%
15 Flag of France.svg France 51,655 1.57% 0.24%
16 Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia 43,100 1.31% 0.2%
17 Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 38,490 1.17% 0.18%
18 Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 25,770 0.78% 0.12%
19 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 24,930 0.76% 0.12%
20 Flag of Romania.svg Romania 24,405 0.74% 0.11%
21 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 13,895 0.42% 0.06%
22 Flag of Japan Japan 9,485 0.29% 0.04%
23 Other countries 78,800 2.39% 0.37%
Total immigrants 3,295,535 100% 15.28%
Total immigrant population by country of birth, 1961 Canadian census[112]
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Rank Country Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 2,844,263 N/A 15.6%
1 Flag of England.svg England & Flag of Wales (1959–present) Wales 662,102 23.28% 3.63%
2 Flag of the United States.svg United States 283,908 9.98% 1.56%
3 Flag of Italy.svg Italy 258,071 9.07% 1.41%
4 Flag of Scotland.svg Scotland 244,052 8.58% 1.34%
5 Flag of Germany.svg Germany 189,131 6.65% 1.04%
6 File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union 186,653 6.56% 1.02%
7 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 171,467 6.03% 0.94%
8 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria & File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 143,092 5.03% 0.78%
9 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 135,033 4.75% 0.74%
10 Scandinavia 74,616 2.62% 0.41% Excluding Finland
11 Ulster Banner Northern Ireland 61,588 2.17% 0.34%
12 File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia 50,826 1.79% 0.28%
13 Other British Commonwealth 49,860 1.75% 0.27% Also includes Lesser Isles.
14 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 38,017 1.34% 0.21%
15 Flag of the People's Republic of China China 36,724 1.29% 0.2%
16 Flag of France.svg France 36,103 1.27% 0.2%
17 Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia 35,743 1.26% 0.2%
18 Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 30,889 1.09% 0.17%
19 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 29,467 1.04% 0.16%
20 Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 28,253 0.99% 0.15%
21 Flag of Romania.svg Romania 27,011 0.95% 0.15%
22 Other Europe 22,305 0.78% 0.12%
23 Other Asia 14,240 0.5% 0.08%
24 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 11,381 0.4% 0.06%
25 Flag of Japan Japan 6,797 0.24% 0.04%
26 Other countries 16,934 0.6% 0.09%
Total immigrants 2,844,263 100% 15.6%
Total immigrant population by country of birth, 1951 Canadian census[112]
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Rank Country Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 2,059,911 N/A 14.7%
1 Flag of England.svg England & Flag of Wales (1959–present) Wales 627,551 30.46% 4.48%
2 Flag of the United States.svg United States 282,010 13.69% 2.01%
3 Flag of Scotland.svg Scotland 226,343 10.99% 1.62%
4 File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union 188,292 9.14% 1.34%
5 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 164,474 7.98% 1.17%
6 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria & File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 70,527 3.42% 0.5%
7 Scandinavia 64,522 3.13% 0.46% Excluding Finland
8 Flag of Italy.svg Italy 57,789 2.81% 0.41%
9 Ulster Banner Northern Ireland 56,685 2.75% 0.4%
10 Flag of Germany.svg Germany 42,693 2.07% 0.3%
11 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 41,457 2.01% 0.3%
12 Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia 29,546 1.43% 0.21%
13 Flag of the People's Republic of China China 24,166 1.17% 0.17%
14 Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 24,110 1.17% 0.17%
15 Other British Commonwealth 22,470 1.09% 0.16% Also includes Lesser Isles.
16 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland 22,035 1.07% 0.16%
17 File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia 20,912 1.02% 0.15%
18 Flag of Romania.svg Romania 19,733 0.96% 0.14%
19 Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 17,251 0.84% 0.12%
20 Flag of France.svg France 15,650 0.76% 0.11%
21 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 8,594 0.42% 0.06%
22 Other Europe 7,619 0.37% 0.05%
23 Other Asia 6,740 0.33% 0.05%
24 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 6,414 0.31% 0.05%
25 Flag of Japan Japan 6,239 0.3% 0.04%
26 Other countries 6,089 0.3% 0.04%
Total immigrants 2,059,911 100% 14.7%
Total immigrant population by country of birth, 1941 Canadian census[112]
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Rank Country Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 2,017,902 N/A 17.54%
Total immigrants 2,017,902 100% 17.54%
Total immigrant population by country of birth, 1931 Canadian census[112]
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Rank Country Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 2,307,525 N/A 22.24%
Total immigrants 2,307,525 100% 22.24%
Total immigrant population by country of birth, 1921 Canadian census[112]
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Rank Country Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 1,955,725 N/A 22.25%
Total immigrants 1,955,725 59.34% 22.25%
Total immigrant population by country of birth, 1911 Canadian census[112]
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Rank Country Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 1,586,961 N/A 22.02%
Total immigrants 1,586,961 100% 22.02%
Total immigrant population by country of birth, 1901 Canadian census[112]
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Rank Country Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 699,500 N/A 13.02%
Total immigrants 699,500 100% 13.02%

19th century censuses[]

Total immigrant population by country of birth, 1891 Canadian census[112]
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Rank Country Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 643,871 N/A 13.32%
Total immigrants 643,871 100% 13.32%
Total immigrant population by country of birth, 1881 Canadian census[112]
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Rank Country Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 602,984 N/A 13.94%
Total immigrants 602,984 100% 13.94%
Total immigrant population by country of birth, 1871 Canadian census[112]
Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.
Rank Country Immigrant population Portion of immigrants in Canada Portion of Canadian population Notes
N/A Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 594,207 N/A 16.11%
Total immigrants 594,207 100% 16.11%

Annual intake[]

2020s[]

Permanent residents admitted in 2021, by top 10 source countries[113]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1 Flag of India.svg India 127,795 31.5
2 Flag of the People's Republic of China China[upper-roman 1] 30,970 7.6
3 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg.png Philippines 17,990 4.4
4 Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 15,580 3.8
5 Flag of France.svg France 12,685 3.1
6 Flag of the United States.svg United States 11,930 2.9
7 Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 11,420 2.8
8 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 11,285 2.8
9 Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan 8,550 2.1
10 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 8,410 2.1
Top 10 Total 256,615 63.3
Other 148,715 36.7
Total 405,330 100
Permanent residents admitted in 2020, by top 10 source countries[114]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1 Flag of India.svg India 42,875 23.3
2 Flag of the People's Republic of China China[upper-roman 1] 16,550 9.0
3 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg.png Philippines 10,970 5.9
4 Flag of the United States.svg United States 6,380 3.5
5 Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 6,345 3.4
6 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 6,215 3.4
7 Flag of Syria.svg Syria 4,835 2.6
8 Flag of France.svg France 4,600 2.5
9 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 3,805 2.1
10 Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 3,695 2.0
Top 10 Total 106,270 57.6
Other 78,100 42.4
Total 184,370 100
  1. 1.0 1.1 Officially, the People's Republic of China. Excludes Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (listed separately).

2010s[]

Permanent Residents admitted in 2019, by top 10 source countries[115][116]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1 Flag of India.svg India 85,585 25.1
2 Flag of the People's Republic of China China[upper-roman 1] 30,260 8.9
3 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg.png Philippines 27,815 8.2
4 Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 12,595 3.7
5 Flag of the United States.svg United States 10,800 3.2
6 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 10,790 3.2
7 Flag of Syria.svg Syria 10,120 3.0
8 File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea 7,025 2.1
9 Flag of South Korea South Korea 6,110 1.8
10 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 6,055 1.8
Top 10 Total 207,155 60.7
Other 134,025 39.3
Total 341,180 100
Permanent Residents admitted in 2017, by top 10 source countries[117]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1 Flag of India.svg India 51,651 18
2 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg.png Philippines 40,857 14.3
3 Flag of the People's Republic of China China[upper-roman 1] 30,279 10.6
4 Flag of Syria.svg Syria 12,044 4.2
5 Flag of the United States.svg United States 9,100 3.2
6 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 7,656 2.7
7 Flag of France.svg France 6,600 2.3
8 Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 5,459 1.9
9 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom[upper-roman 2] 5,293 1.8
10 File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq 4,740 1.7
Top 10 Total 173,679 60.6
Other 112,800 39.4
Total 286,479 100
Permanent Residents admitted in 2016, by top 10 source countries[118]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg.png Philippines 41,791 14.1
2 Flag of India.svg India 39,789 13.4
3 Flag of Syria.svg Syria 34,925 11.7
4 Flag of the People's Republic of China China[upper-roman 1] 26,852 9.1
5 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 11,337 3.8
6 Flag of the United States.svg United States 8,409 2.8
7 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 6,483 2.2
8 Flag of France.svg France 6,348 2.1
9 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom[upper-roman 2] 5,812 2.0
10 File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea 4,629 1.6
Top 10 Total 186,375 62.9
Other 109,971 37.1
Total 296,346 100
Permanent Residents Admitted in 2015, by Top 10 Source Countries[119]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg.png Philippines 50,846 18.7
2 Flag of India.svg India 39,530 14.5
3 Flag of the People's Republic of China China[upper-roman 1] 19,532 7.2
4 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 11,669 4.3
5 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 11,329 4.2
6 Flag of Syria.svg Syria 9,853 3.6
7 Flag of the United States.svg United States 7,522 3.0
8 Flag of France.svg France 5,807 2.0
9 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom[upper-roman 2] 5,451 2.0
10 Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria 4,133 2.0
Top 10 Total 165,672 61.5
Other 106,173 38.5
Total 271,845 100
Permanent Residents admitted in 2011, by top 10 source countries[120]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg.png Philippines 34,991 14.1%
2 Flag of the People's Republic of China China[upper-roman 1] 28,696 11.5%
3 Flag of India.svg India 24,965 10%
4 Flag of the United States.svg United States 8,829 3.5%
5 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 6,840 2.7%
6 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom[upper-roman 2] 6,550 2.6%
7 File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti 6,208 2.5%
8 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 6,073 2.4%
9 Flag of France.svg France 5,867 2.4%
10 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 5,223 2.1%
Top 10 Total 134,242 54%
Remaining Total 114,506 46%
Total 248,748 100%
  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Officially, the People's Republic of China. Excludes Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (listed separately).
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Officially, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Includes: Scotland, Wales, England, Northern Ireland, Crown Colonies, and British Overseas Territories.

1950s[]

Permanent Residents admitted in 1959[112]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1 Flag of Italy.svg Italy 25,655 24%
2 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom[upper-roman 1] 18,222 17%
3 Other Europe 12,061 11.3%
4 Flag of the United States.svg United States 11,338 10.6%
5 Flag of Germany.svg West Germany 10,423 9.7%
6 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 5,243 4.9%
7 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 4,867 4.6%
8 File:Flag of Portugal.svg.png Portugal 4,080 3.8%
9 Flag of France.svg France 2,153 2%
10 File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong 2,018 1.9%
11 South America 1,750 1.6%
12 Australasia 1,512 1.4%
13 Flag of Israel.svg Israel 1,490 1.4%
14 Caribbean 1,369 1.3%
15 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 855 0.8%
16 File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia 958 0.9%
17 Flag of India.svg India 585 0.5%
18 Flag of the People's Republic of China China 519 0.5%
19 Other Africa 436 0.4%
20 Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon 377 0.4%
21 Other Asia 317 0.3%
22 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 287 0.3%
23 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 120 0.1%
24 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 62 0.1%
25 Other North America 160 0.1%
26 Others[upper-roman 2] 71 0.1%
Total - 106,928 100%
Permanent Residents admitted in 1958[112]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1 Flag of Italy.svg Italy 27,043 21.7%
2 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom[upper-roman 1] 24,777 19.8%
3 Other Europe 17,288 13.8%
4 Flag of Germany.svg West Germany 13,888 11.1%
5 Flag of the United States.svg United States 10,846 8.7%
6 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 7,420 5.9%
7 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 5,190 4.2%
8 Flag of France.svg France 2,727 2.2%
9 Australasia 2,344 1.9%
10 South America 2,168 1.7%
11 File:Flag of Portugal.svg.png Portugal 1,938 1.6%
12 File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong 1,752 1.4%
13 Caribbean 1,360 1.1%
14 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 1,024 0.8%
15 File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia 984 0.8%
16 Flag of the People's Republic of China China 894 0.7%
17 Other Africa 872 0.7%
18 Flag of Israel.svg Israel 531 0.4%
19 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 367 0.3%
20 Other Asia 347 0.3%
21 Flag of India.svg India 325 0.3%
22 Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon 312 0.2%
23 Other North America 159 0.1%
24 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 116 0.1%
25 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 62 0%
26 Others[upper-roman 2] 117 0.1%
Total - 124,851 100%
Permanent Residents admitted in 1957[112]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom[upper-roman 1] 108,989 38.6%
2 Other Europe 61,847 21.9%
3 Flag of Germany.svg West Germany 28,430 10.1%
4 Flag of Italy.svg Italy 27,740 9.8%
5 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 11,934 4.2%
6 Flag of the United States.svg United States 11,008 3.9%
7 Flag of France.svg France 5,869 2.1%
8 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 5,460 1.9%
9 File:Flag of Portugal.svg.png Portugal 4,423 1.6%
10 Australasia 3,345 1.2%
11 South America 2,376 0.8%
12 Other Africa 2,085 0.7%
13 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 1,800 0.6%
14 Caribbean 1,414 0.5%
15 File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia 1,048 0.4%
16 File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong 866 0.3%
17 Flag of the People's Republic of China China 856 0.3%
18 Flag of Israel.svg Israel 482 0.2%
19 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 464 0.2%
20 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 421 0.1%
21 Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon 401 0.1%
22 Other Asia 370 0.1%
23 Other North America 172 0.1%
24 Flag of India.svg India 186 0.1%
25 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 83 0%
26 Others[upper-roman 2] 95 0%
Total - 282,164 100%
Permanent Residents admitted in 1956[112]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom[upper-roman 1] 50,390 30.6%
2 Flag of Italy.svg Italy 27,739 16.8%
3 Flag of Germany.svg West Germany 26,061 15.8%
4 Other Europe 21,113 12.8%
5 Flag of the United States.svg United States 9,777 5.9%
6 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 7,792 4.7%
7 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece 4,986 3%
8 Flag of France.svg France 3,809 2.3%
9 Australasia 1,924 1.2%
10 File:Flag of Portugal.svg.png Portugal 1,697 1%
11 South America 1,551 0.9%
12 Flag of the People's Republic of China China 1,516 0.9%
13 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 1,514 0.9%
14 Caribbean 1,245 0.8%
15 File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong 615 0.4%
16 Other Africa 543 0.3%
17 Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon 454 0.3%
18 File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia 453 0.3%
19 Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 342 0.2%
20 Other Asia 339 0.2%
21 Flag of Israel.svg Israel 309 0.2%
22 Flag of India.svg India 254 0.2%
23 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt 194 0.1%
24 Other North America 106 0.1%
25 Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan 50 0%
26 Others[upper-roman 2] 84 0.1%
Total - 164,857 100%
  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Officially, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Includes: Scotland, Wales, England, Northern Ireland, Crown Colonies, and British Overseas Territories.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 'n.e.s.' – not elsewhere specified.

Accommodations[]

Disabilities[]

In 2011 and 2012, several families were denied immigration to Canada because members of their family have an autism spectrum diagnosis and Citizenship and Immigration Canada (now IRCC) felt the potential cost of care for those family members would place an excessive demand on health or social services.[121][122] People with autism disorders can be accepted if they are able to depend on themselves.[122]

Job market and education[]

The federal government was asked by businesses to expand programs for professional immigrants to get Canadian qualifications in their fields. In response, the Multiculturalism Act of 1988 was passed, and Canadian Council on Learning was created by the federal government to promote best practices in workplace learning. Additionally, the credentials of immigrant workers are assessed through Canadian agencies by the IRCC for immigration.[123] Ideally, this credential equalization assessment reduces the gap between education and suitable jobs. However, strains of discrimination (i.e. statistical discrimination) lead to a systemic process of rejecting and discouraging immigrants, which is an antithesis for an anti-oppressive culture.[124][125][126][127]

Across Canada, businesses have proposed to allow unpaid or basic-pay internships as part of a rewards system, which were considered illegal (both in government and private) in many provinces at the time, posing as a major obstacle to integrate immigrants into the job market. The lack of policy leadership in this sector has resulted in a "catch-22” situation in which employers want job experience, but potential employees cannot get Canadian experience without first working Canadian jobs/internships. The Ontario Human Rights Commission has acknowledged the racist effects of Canadian work experience requirement for jobs and has declared that Canadian work experience as "prima facie discrimination", and as an inadmissible criterion for exclusion of applicants. However, this has not translated into a nationwide inclusive policy.[128]

Quebec[]

In 2017, the Province of Quebec stated that they will prohibit offering or receiving public services for individuals who cover their face, such as those who wear chadors, niqabs or burqas. The reasoning behind the bill was to ensure protection of Quebecois, but the discriminatory strain of the political ideology was reported to be aimed at articles of certain religious faiths. The bill would come under question of in regards to Canadian policy on religious tolerance and accommodation.[129][130][131] A qualitative study found that taste-based discrimination is more prevalent in cities than semi-urban areas, as major factors that contribute to less hostility seem to be regional differences in industrial composition and attendant labour demand.[132][133] There have been demands for the province to charge additional fees from immigrants before landing in Quebec. Quebecois have also urged the province to impose French language training in order for newcomers to become better integrated with the language and culture of their communities. As a result the government initiated a subsidized linguistic integration program in 2019.[134]

Recently, the province saw a 20% gap in earnings between immigrants and Canadian-born individuals in Quebec, largely due to the discrepancy between their respective literacy rates.[citation needed] In 2008, the Canadian Council on Learning reported that almost half of Canadian adults fall below the internationally-accepted literacy standard for coping in a modern society.[135]

See also[]

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  • Visa policy of Canada
  • Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Khosa
  • History of Chinese immigration to Canada
  • National Advancement Party of Canada
  • Ministry of Immigration, Diversity and Inclusion — government of Quebec's immigration department
  • Top 25 Canadian Immigrants Award
  • Immigrant benefits urban legend — a hoax regarding benefits comparison

Notes[]

  1. The "family" category can be subdivided into (a) spouse, partner, and children; (b) parents and grandparents; and (c) other (includes "orphaned – brother, sister, nephew, niece and grandchild, and other relatives"). (Hussen 2017).
  2. The "Protected Persons and Refugees" category can be subdivided into: (a) Protected Persons in Canada and Dependants Abroad; (b) Government-Assisted Refugees (GARs); (c) Blended Visa Office-Referred Refugees; and (d) Privately Sponsored Refugees. (Hussen 2017).
  3. Resettled refugees and protected persons in-Canada and dependants abroad

References[]

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  3. Pison, Gilles. 2019 February. "The number and proportion of immigrants in the population: International comparisons." Population & Societies 563. France: Institut National D'études Démographiques.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 "2019 Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration" (PDF). Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Cheatham, Amelia. 2020 August 3. "What Is Canada’s Immigration Policy?" Council on Foreign Relations.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Belshaw, John Douglas. 2016. "Post-War Immigration." Ch. 5 §11 in Canadian History: Post-Confederation. BC Open Textbook Project. ISBN: 978-1-989623-12-1.
  7. Statistics Canada Archived 2008-01-08 at the Wayback Machine – immigration from 1851 to 2001
  8. Troper, Harold. [2013 April 22] 2017 September 19. "Immigration in Canada." The Canadian Encyclopedia. Ottawa: Historica Canada.
  9. Smith, Marina L. 2000. "The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) at the U.S.–Canadian Border, 1893–1993: An Overview of Issues and Topics." Michigan Historical Review 26(2):127–47.
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Further reading[]

Further information: Bibliography of Canadian demographics

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