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February 25 in recent years
2024 (Sunday)
2023 (Saturday)
2022 (Friday)
2021 (Thursday)
2020 (Tuesday)
2019 (Monday)
2018 (Sunday)
2017 (Saturday)
2016 (Thursday)
2015 (Wednesday)
DateTemplate:SHORTDESC:Date
February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar . 309 days remain until the end of the year (310 in leap years ).
It is the feast day of Saint Walpurga and is a day of national significance in Hungary , Kuwait , the Philippines and Suriname . Among famous events on the day have been the patent for Samuel Colt 's revolver (1836); the first African American sworn into the United States Senate (1870); Hitler obtaining German citizenship so he could run for public office (1932); the construction in an Islington garden of the first Anderson shelter (1939); Nikita Khrushchev 's denunciation of Stalin (1956); and the disbandment of the Warsaw Pact (1991).
People born on 25 February include José de San Martín (1788), the first President of Peru ; Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841); operatic tenor Enrico Caruso (1873); actor Tom Courtenay (1937); musician George Harrison (1943); and eight-time Olympic champion Birgit Fischer (1962). Among those who have died on the day are Albrecht von Wallenstein , Austrian general in the Thirty Years War (1634); Christopher Wren , English architect who designed St Paul's Cathedral (1723); Paul Reuter , founder of the Reuters news agency (1899); Prohibition Era gangster Bugs Moran (1957); acclaimed playwright Tennessee Williams (1983); and record-breaking Australian cricketer Don Bradman (2001).
Events [ ]
File:Fridericus Spee SJ.jpg Friedrich Spee , born 25 February 1591
File:Albrecht von Wallenstein.jpeg Albrecht von Wallenstein , died 25 February 1634
File:Christopher Wren by Godfrey Kneller 1711.jpg Sir Christopher Wren , died 25 February 1723
File:SamuelColt.jpg Samuel Colt 's revolver was patented on 25 February 1836
File:Pierre Auguste Renoir, uncropped image.jpg Pierre-Auguste Renoir , born 25 February 1841
File:Hiram Rhodes Revels - Brady-Handy-(restored).png Hiram Rhodes Revels was sworn into the United States Senate on 25 February 1870
File:CarusoPostcard.jpg Enrico Caruso , born 25 February 1873
File:Paul Julius Reuter 1869.jpg Portrait of Paul Reuter , died 25 February 1899
File:Launch of USS Ranger (CV-4) at Newport News Shipbuilding on 25 February 1933 (80-G-1007392).jpg Launch of the USS Ranger , 25 February 1933
File:Tom Courtenay Berlin 2015.jpg Tom Courtenay , born 25 February 1937
File:The Home Front in Britain during the Second World War HU36196.jpg Three Anderson shelters remain intact following an air raid on Norwich . The first shelter was built on 25 February 1939.
File:George Harrison 1974.jpg George Harrison , born 25 February 1943
File:Don Quarrie.jpg Don Quarrie , born 25 February 1951
File:Khrushchov.jpg Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin on 25 February 1956
File:Birgit Fischer und Freya Hoffmeister.jpg Birgit Fischer (left; with Freya Hoffmeister ), born 25 February 1962
File:Ed Balls 2.jpg Ed Balls , born 25 February 1967
File:Tennessee Williams NYWTS.jpg Tennessee Williams , died 25 February 1983
File:Don Bradman 1930.jpg Don Bradman , died 25 February 2001
0 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor.[1]
0 628 – Khosrow II , the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II .[2]
1336 – Four thousand defenders of Pilenai commit mass suicide rather than be taken captive by the Teutonic Knights .[3]
1836 – Samuel Colt is granted a United States patent for his revolver firearm.[4]
1843 – Lord George Paulet occupies the Kingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain in the Paulet Affair (1843) .[5]
1870 – Hiram Rhodes Revels , a Republican from Mississippi , is sworn into the United States Senate , becoming the first African American ever to sit in Congress .[6]
1875 – Guangxu Emperor of Qing dynasty China begins his reign, under Empress Dowager Cixi 's regency.[7]
1912 – Marie-Adélaïde , the eldest of six daughters of Guillaume IV , becomes the first reigning Grand Duchess of Luxembourg .[8]
1916 – In the Battle of Verdun , a German unit captures Fort Douaumont , keystone of the French defences, without a fight.[9]
1918 – German forces capture Tallinn to virtually complete the occupation of Estonia .[10]
1921 – Georgian capital Tbilisi falls to the invading Russian forces after heavy fighting and the Russians declare the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic .[11]
1932 – Hitler , having been stateless for seven years, obtains German citizenship when he is appointed a Brunswick state official by Dietrich Klagges , a fellow Nazi. As a result, Hitler is able to run for Reichspräsident in the 1932 election.[12]
1933 – Launch of the USS Ranger at Newport News, Virginia . It is the first purpose-built aircraft carrier to be commissioned by the US Navy .[13]
1939 – As part of British air raid precautions , the first of 2.5 million Anderson shelters is constructed in a garden in Islington , north London.[14]
1941 – The outlawed Communist Party of the Netherlands organises a general strike in German-occupied Amsterdam to protest against Nazi persecution of Dutch Jews .[15]
1947 – The formal abolition of Prussia is proclaimed by the Allied Control Council , the Prussian government having already been abolished by the Preußenschlag of 1932.[16]
1948 – In a coup d'état led by Klement Gottwald , the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia takes control of government in Prague to end the Third Czechoslovak Republic .[17]
1951 – The first Pan American Games are officially opened in Buenos Aires by Argentine President Juan Perón .[18]
1956 – In his speech On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences , Nikita Khrushchev , leader of the Soviet Union , denounces Stalin .[19]
1980 – The government of Suriname is overthrown by a military coup led by Dési Bouterse .[20]
1986 – People Power Revolution : President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos flees the nation after 20 years of rule; Corazon Aquino becomes the Philippines ' first woman president.[21]
1991 – Disbandment of the Warsaw Pact at a meeting of its members in Budapest .[22]
Births [ ]
pre-19th century [ ]
1259 – Infanta Branca of Portugal , daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile (d. 1321)[23]
1337 – Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1383)[24]
1475 – Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick , last male member of the House of York (d. 1499)[25]
1540 – Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton , English aristocrat and courtier (d. 1614)[26]
1543 – Sharaf Khan Bidlisi , Emir of Bitlis (d. 1603)[27]
1591 – Friedrich Spee , German poet and author (d. 1635)[28]
1643 – Ahmed II , Ottoman sultan (d. 1695)[29]
1663 – Peter Anthony Motteux , French-English author, playwright and translator (d. 1718)[30]
1670 – Maria Margarethe Kirch , German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1720)[31]
1682 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni , Italian anatomist and pathologist (d. 1771)[32]
1707 – Carlo Goldoni , Italian playwright and composer (d. 1793)[33]
1714 – René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou , French lawyer and politician, Lord Chancellor of France (d. 1792)[34]
1728 – John Wood, the Younger , English architect, designed the Royal Crescent (d. 1782)[35]
1752 – John Graves Simcoe , English-Canadian general and politician, 1st Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada (d. 1806)[36]
1755 – François René Mallarmé , French lawyer and politician (d. 1835)[37]
1778 – José de San Martín , Argentinian general and politician, 1st President of Peru (d. 1850)[38]
19th century [ ]
1806 – Emma Catherine Embury , American author and poet (d. 1863)[39]
1809 – John Hart , English-Australian politician, 10th Premier of South Australia (d. 1873)[40]
1812 – Carl Christian Hall , Danish lawyer and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1888)[41]
1816 – Giovanni Morelli , Italian historian and critic (d. 1891)[42]
1833 – John St. John , American lawyer and politician, 8th Governor of Kansas (d. 1916)[43]
1841 – Pierre-Auguste Renoir , French painter and sculptor (d. 1919)[44]
1842 – Karl May , German author, poet, and playwright (d. 1912)[45]
1845 – George Reid , Scottish-Australian lawyer and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1918)[46]
1855 – Cesário Verde , Portuguese poet and author (d. 1886)[47]
1856 – Karl Gotthard Lamprecht , German historian and academic (d. 1915)[48]
1856 – Mathias Zdarsky , Czech-Austrian skier, painter, and sculptor (d. 1940)[49]
1857 – Robert Bond , Canadian politician; first Prime Minister of Newfoundland (d. 1927)[50]
1860 – William Ashley , English historian and academic (d. 1927)[51]
1865 – Andranik , Armenian general (d. 1927)[52]
1866 – Benedetto Croce , Italian philosopher and politician (d. 1952)[53]
1869 – Phoebus Levene , Russian-American biochemist and physician (d. 1940)[54]
1873 – Enrico Caruso , Italian-American tenor; the most popular operatic tenor of the early 20th century and the first great recording star. (d. 1921)[55]
1877 – Erich von Hornbostel , Austrian musicologist and scholar (d. 1935)[56]
1881 – William Z. Foster , American union leader and politician (d. 1961)[57]
1881 – Alexei Rykov , Russian politician, Premier of Russia (d. 1938)[58]
1883 – Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (d. 1981)[59]
1885 – Princess Alice of Battenberg , mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (d. 1969)[60]
1888 – John Foster Dulles , American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 52nd United States Secretary of State (d. 1959)[61]
1890 – Myra Hess , English pianist and educator (d. 1965)[62]
1894 – Meher Baba , Indian spiritual master (d. 1969)[63]
1898 – William Astbury , physicist and molecular biologist (d. 1961)[64]
1901–1925 [ ]
1901 – Vince Gair , Australian politician, 27th Premier of Queensland (d. 1980)[65]
1901 – Zeppo Marx , American comedian (the youngest of the Marx Brothers ) and theatrical agent (d. 1979)[66]
1903 – King Clancy , Canadian ice hockey player, referee, and coach; rated one of the 100 greatest NHL players (d. 1986)[67]
1905 – Perry Miller , American historian, author, and academic (d. 1963)[68]
1906 – Mary Coyle Chase , American journalist and playwright; author of Harvey (d. 1981)[69]
1907 – Sabahattin Ali , Turkish journalist, author, and poet (d. 1948)[70]
1908 – Mary Locke Petermann , cellular biochemist (d. 1975)[71] [72]
1908 – Frank G. Slaughter , American physician and author (d. 2001)[73]
1910 – Millicent Fenwick , American journalist and politician (d. 1992)[74]
1913 – Jim Backus , American actor and screenwriter; the voice of Mr. Magoo (d. 1989)[75]
1913 – Gert Fröbe , German actor; title role in Goldfinger (d. 1988)[76]
1915 – S. Rajaratnam , 1st Senior Minister of Singapore (d. 2006)[77]
1917 – Anthony Burgess , English author, playwright, and critic (d. 1993)[78]
1918 – Bobby Riggs , American tennis player; winner of three major titles, 1939–1941 (d. 1995)[79]
1919 – Monte Irvin , American baseball player and executive (d. 2016)[80]
1920 – Philip Habib , American academic and diplomat, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (d. 1992)[81]
1921 – Pierre Laporte , Canadian journalist, lawyer, and politician, Deputy Premier of Quebec (d. 1970)[82]
1921 – Andy Pafko , American baseball player and manager (d. 2013)[83]
1922 – Molly Reilly , Canadian aviator (d. 1980)[84] [85]
1924 – Hugh Huxley , English-American biologist and academic (d. 2013)[86]
1925 – Shehu Shagari , former President of Nigeria (d. 2018)[87]
1925 – Lisa Kirk , American actress and singer (d. 1990)[88]
1926–1950 [ ]
1926 – Masatoshi Gündüz Ikeda , Japanese-Turkish mathematician and academic; developed algebraic number theory (d. 2003)[89]
1927 – Ralph Stanley , American bluegrass singer and banjo player; member of International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame (d. 2016)[90]
1928 – Paul Elvstrøm , Danish yachtsman ; winner of four Olympic gold medals, 1948–1960 (d. 2016)[91]
1928 – A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr. , prominent African-American civil rights advocate , author, and federal court judge (d. 1998)[92]
1928 – Larry Gelbart , American author and screenwriter; creator and producer of M*A*S*H TV series (d. 2009)[93]
1928 – Richard G. Stern , American author and academic (d. 2013)[94]
1932 – Tony Brooks , English racing driver; six Formula One victories, second in 1959 World Championship[95]
1932 – Faron Young , American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist; member of Country Music Hall of Fame (d. 1996)[96]
1934 – Tony Lema , American golfer; winner of the 1964 Open Championship (d. 1966)[97]
1935 – Oktay Sinanoglu , Turkish physical chemist and molecular biophysicist ; two-time nominee for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2015)[98]
1937 – Tom Courtenay , award-winning English actor[99]
1937 – Bob Schieffer , American political author, journalist and TV interviewer[100]
1938 – Herb Elliott , Australian 1500 metres runner; 1960 Olympic champion and world record holder[101]
1938 – Farokh Engineer , Indian international cricketer; successful as batsman and wicketkeeper[102]
1940 – Ron Santo , American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2010)[103]
1941 – David Puttnam , English film producer and academic[104]
1943 – George Harrison , English singer-songwriter, guitarist and film producer; lead guitarist of The Beatles (d. 2001)[105]
1944 – François Cevert , French racing driver (d. 1973)[106]
1946 – Jean Todt , French racing driver and team manager; FIA President , 2009–2021[107]
1947 – Lee Evans , American sprinter and athletics coach; two gold medals and world 400m record at 1968 Olympics[108]
1949 – Amin Maalouf , Lebanese-French journalist and author[109]
1950 – Francisco Fernández Ochoa , Spanish skier; 1972 Olympic slalom champion (d. 2006)[110]
1950 – Neil Jordan , Irish film director, screenwriter and author[111]
1950 – Néstor Kirchner , Argentinian politician; 51st President of Argentina , 2003–2007 (d. 2010)[112]
1951–2000 [ ]
1951 – Don Quarrie , Jamaican sprinter and coach; four Olympic medals and two world records[113]
1952 – Joey Dunlop , Northern Irish motorcycle road racing champion; holds record for most wins (26) at the Isle of Man TT (d. 2000)[114]
1953 – José María Aznar , Spanish politician; Prime Minister of Spain , 1996–2004[115]
1957 – Tharman Shanmugaratnam , Singapore politician; 5th Senior Minister of Singapore [116]
1958 – Kurt Rambis , American basketball player and coach; four-time NBA Finals champion[117]
1962 – Birgit Fischer , German kayaker; winner of eight Olympic gold medals[118]
1963 – Paul O'Neill , American baseball player and sportscaster; five-time World Series champion[119]
1967 – Ed Balls , British politician; Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer [120]
1968 – Oumou Sangaré , Grammy Award-winning Malian Wassoulou musician[121]
1971 – Sean Astin , American actor, director and producer[122]
1974 – Dominic Raab , British politician; First Secretary of State and Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [123]
1981 – Park Ji-sung , South Korean footballer; the most successful Asian player with 19 career trophies[124]
1982 – Flavia Pennetta , Italian tennis player; winner of the 2015 US Open [125]
1988 – Tom Marshall , British photo colouriser and artist[126]
1992 – Jorge Soler , Cuban baseball player [127]
1999 – Gianluigi Donnarumma , Italian international footballer; youngest goalkeeper to play for Italy [128]
Deaths [ ]
pre-19th century [ ]
0 806 – Tarasios , patriarch of Constantinople [129]
0 891 – Fujiwara no Mototsune , Japanese regent (b. 836)[130]
1522 – William Lily , English scholar and educator (b. 1468)[131]
1536 – Berchtold Haller , German-Swiss theologian and reformer (b. 1492)[132] [133]
1547 – Vittoria Colonna , marchioness of Pescara (b. 1490)[134]
1601 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex , English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1566)[135]
1634 – Albrecht von Wallenstein , Austrian general and politician (b. 1583)[136]
1655 – Daniël Heinsius , Flemish poet and scholar (b. 1580)[137]
1682 – Alessandro Stradella , Italian composer (b. 1639)[138]
1710 – Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut , French soldier and explorer (b. 1639)[139]
1713 – Frederick I of Prussia (b. 1657)[140]
1723 – Christopher Wren , English architect, designed St Paul's Cathedral (b. 1632)[141]
1756 – Eliza Haywood , English actress and poet (b. 1693)[142]
1796 – Samuel Seabury , American bishop (b. 1729)[143]
19th century [ ]
1805 – Thomas Pownall , English politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1722)[144]
1819 – Francisco Manoel de Nascimento , Portuguese-French poet and educator (b. 1734)[145]
1822 – William Pinkney , American politician and diplomat, 7th United States Attorney General (b. 1764)[146]
1841 – Philip Pendleton Barbour , American lawyer, judge, and politician, 12th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1783)[147]
1850 – Daoguang Emperor of China (b. 1782)[148]
1852 – Thomas Moore , Irish poet and lyricist (b. 1779)[149]
1865 – Otto Ludwig , German author, playwright, and critic (b. 1813)[150]
1870 – Henrik Hertz , Danish poet and playwright (b. 1797)[151]
1877 – Jung Bahadur Rana , Nepalese ruler (b. 1816)[152]
1878 – Townsend Harris , American merchant, politician, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Japan (b. 1804)[153]
1899 – Paul Reuter , German-English journalist and businessman, founded Reuters (b. 1816)[154]
1901–1950 [ ]
1906 – Anton Arensky , Russian pianist and composer (b. 1861)[155]
1910 – Worthington Whittredge , American painter and educator (b. 1820)[156]
1911 – Friedrich Spielhagen , German author, theorist, and translator (b. 1829)[157]
1912 – William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1852)[158]
1914 – John Tenniel , English illustrator (b. 1820)[159]
1915 – Charles Edwin Bessey , American botanist, author, and academic (b. 1845)[160]
1920 – Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy , French archaeologist and engineer (b. 1844)[161]
1928 – William O'Brien , Irish journalist and politician (b. 1852)[162]
1934 – Elizabeth Gertrude Britton , American botanist and academic (b. 1857)[163]
1934 – John McGraw , American baseball player and manager (b. 1873)[164]
1945 – Mário de Andrade , Brazilian author, poet, and photographer (b. 1893)[165]
1950 – George Minot , American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)[166]
1951–2000 [ ]
1953 – Sergei Winogradsky , Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist and ecologist (b. 1856)[167]
1957 – Mark Aldanov , Russian author and critic (b. 1888)[168]
1957 – Bugs Moran , American mob boss (b. 1893)[169]
1963 – Melville J. Herskovits , American anthropologist and academic (b. 1895)[170]
1964 – Alexander Archipenko , Ukrainian sculptor and illustrator (b. 1887)[171]
1964 – Grace Metalious , American author (b. 1924)[172]
1970 – Mark Rothko , Latvian-American painter and academic (b. 1903)[173]
1971 – Theodor Svedberg , Swedish chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884)[174]
1972 – Gottfried Fuchs , German-Canadian Olympic soccer player (b. 1889)[175]
1975 – Elijah Muhammad , American religious leader (b. 1897)[176]
1978 – Daniel James, Jr. , American general and pilot (b. 1920)[177]
1980 – Robert Hayden , American poet and academic (b. 1913)[178]
1983 – Tennessee Williams , American playwright, and poet (b. 1911)[179]
1996 – Haing S. Ngor , Cambodian-American physician and author (b. 1940)[180]
1997 – Andrei Sinyavsky , Russian journalist and publisher (b. 1925)[181]
1998 – W. O. Mitchell , Canadian author and playwright (b. 1914)[182]
1999 – Glenn T. Seaborg , American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)[183]
21st century [ ]
2001 – A. R. Ammons , American poet and critic (b. 1926)[184]
2001 – Don Bradman , Australian international cricketer; holder of world record batting average (b. 1908)[185] [186]
2005 – Peter Benenson , English lawyer, founded Amnesty International (b. 1921)[187]
2008 – Hans Raj Khanna , Indian judge and advocate; upholder of civil liberties (b. 1912)[188]
2010 – Ihsan Dogramaci , Turkish pediatrician and academic (b. 1915)[189]
2012 – Louisiana Red , American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1932)[190]
2015 – Harve Bennett , American screenwriter and producer (b. 1930)[191]
2015 – Eugenie Clark , American biologist and academic; noted ichthyologist (b. 1922)[192]
2020 – Dmitry Yazov , last Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1924)[193]
Holidays and observances [ ]
File:Heilige Walburga.jpg St Walpurga 's feast day is 25 February.
Christian feast days [ ]
Further information: February 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Æthelberht of Kent [194] [195]
Blessed Ciriaco María Sancha y Hervás [196]
Gerland of Agrigento [197]
John Roberts , writer and missionary[198]
Blessed Maria Adeodata Pisani [199]
Saint Walpurga (she was canonised on 1 May c. 870 and Walpurgis Night is celebrated 30 April)[200]
Others [ ]
Kitano Baika-sai or "Plum Blossom Festival" (Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine , Kyoto , Japan)[201]
Memorial Day for the Victims of the Communist Dictatorships (Hungary )[202]
National Day (Kuwait) [203]
People Power Day (Philippines )[204]
Revolution Day in Suriname [205]
Soviet Occupation Day (Georgia) [206]
References [ ]
↑ The Journal of Roman Studies . London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. 1930. p. 82.
↑ Morony, Michael G. (2005). Iraq After the Muslim Conquest . Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-15-93333-15-7 .
↑ "Mass suicide at Pilenai: Lithuanian Defenders Choose Death over Enslavement" . Dublin: Ancient Origins. Retrieved 5 July 2020 .
↑ "Samuel Colt receives patent for his revolver, February 25, 1836" . Englewood, Colorado: Electrical Design News (EDN). Retrieved 5 July 2020 .
↑ "Correspondence relating to the Provisional Cession of the Sandwich Islands to great Britain. February 1843". British and Foreign State Papers, Volume 31 . London: Foreign Office. 1858. pp. 1023–1029.
↑ "Revels, Hiram Rhodes (1827–1901)" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Washington, DC: Office of the House Historian, United States Congress. Retrieved 5 July 2020 .
↑ "Guangxu" . Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 July 2020 .
↑ "Marie-Adélaïde of Luxembourg – The abdication of Luxembourg's first Grand Duchess" . History of Royal Women . Frankfurt am Main: MH Themes. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2020 .
↑ Wakefield, Alan. "What was the Battle of Verdun?" . London: Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 6 July 2020 .
↑ Parrott, Andrew (2002). "The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923: The First World War and the Wars of Independence" (PDF) . Baltic Defence Review . Tartu, Estonia: Baltic Defence College. p. 139.
↑ Lang, David Marshall (1962). A Modern History of Soviet Georgia . New York City: Grove Press. pp. 234–236. ASIN B000WAJSKG .
↑ Hinrichs, Per (12 March 2007). "Hitler May Be Stripped of German Citizenship" . Spiegel International . Hamburg: Spiegel Gruppe. Retrieved 7 July 2020 .
↑ Cressman, Robert J. (2003). USS Ranger: The Navy's First Flattop from Keel to Mast, 1934–1946 . Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-15-74887-20-4 .
↑ Stanley, Martin. "History" . Anderson Shelters . Retrieved 6 July 2020 .
↑ Green, David B. (25 February 2016). "The Dutch Strike Against Nazi Abuses of Jews" . Tel Aviv: Haaretz. Retrieved 7 July 2020 .
↑ "The Acting Political Adviser for Germany (Muccio) to the Secretary of State" . Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, Council of Foreign Ministers; Germany and Austria, Volume II . Washington, DC: Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State. 1947. Retrieved 7 July 2020 .
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