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February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 309 days remain until the end of the year (310 in leap years).

It is the feast day of Saint Walpurga and is a day of national significance in Hungary, Kuwait, the Philippines and Suriname. Among famous events on the day have been the patent for Samuel Colt's revolver (1836); the first African American sworn into the United States Senate (1870); Hitler obtaining German citizenship so he could run for public office (1932); the construction in an Islington garden of the first Anderson shelter (1939); Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin (1956); and the disbandment of the Warsaw Pact (1991).

People born on 25 February include José de San Martín (1788), the first President of Peru; Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841); operatic tenor Enrico Caruso (1873); actor Tom Courtenay (1937); musician George Harrison (1943); and eight-time Olympic champion Birgit Fischer (1962). Among those who have died on the day are Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general in the Thirty Years War (1634); Christopher Wren, English architect who designed St Paul's Cathedral (1723); Paul Reuter, founder of the Reuters news agency (1899); Prohibition Era gangster Bugs Moran (1957); acclaimed playwright Tennessee Williams (1983); and record-breaking Australian cricketer Don Bradman (2001).

Events[]

File:Fridericus Spee SJ.jpg

Friedrich Spee, born 25 February 1591

File:Albrecht von Wallenstein.jpeg

Albrecht von Wallenstein, died 25 February 1634

File:Christopher Wren by Godfrey Kneller 1711.jpg

Sir Christopher Wren, died 25 February 1723

File:SamuelColt.jpg

Samuel Colt's revolver was patented on 25 February 1836

File:Pierre Auguste Renoir, uncropped image.jpg

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, born 25 February 1841

File:Hiram Rhodes Revels - Brady-Handy-(restored).png

Hiram Rhodes Revels was sworn into the United States Senate on 25 February 1870

File:CarusoPostcard.jpg

Enrico Caruso, born 25 February 1873

File:Paul Julius Reuter 1869.jpg

Portrait of Paul Reuter, died 25 February 1899

File:Launch of USS Ranger (CV-4) at Newport News Shipbuilding on 25 February 1933 (80-G-1007392).jpg

Launch of the USS Ranger, 25 February 1933

File:Tom Courtenay Berlin 2015.jpg

Tom Courtenay, born 25 February 1937

File:The Home Front in Britain during the Second World War HU36196.jpg

Three Anderson shelters remain intact following an air raid on Norwich. The first shelter was built on 25 February 1939.

File:George Harrison 1974.jpg

George Harrison, born 25 February 1943

File:Don Quarrie.jpg

Don Quarrie, born 25 February 1951

File:Khrushchov.jpg

Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin on 25 February 1956

File:Birgit Fischer und Freya Hoffmeister.jpg

Birgit Fischer (left; with Freya Hoffmeister), born 25 February 1962

File:Ed Balls 2.jpg

Ed Balls, born 25 February 1967

File:Tennessee Williams NYWTS.jpg

Tennessee Williams, died 25 February 1983

File:Don Bradman 1930.jpg

Don Bradman, died 25 February 2001

  • 0138Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor.[1]
  • 0628Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.[2]
  • 1336 – Four thousand defenders of Pilenai commit mass suicide rather than be taken captive by the Teutonic Knights.[3]
  • 1836Samuel Colt is granted a United States patent for his revolver firearm.[4]
  • 1843Lord George Paulet occupies the Kingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain in the Paulet Affair (1843).[5]
  • 1870Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American ever to sit in Congress.[6]
  • 1875Guangxu Emperor of Qing dynasty China begins his reign, under Empress Dowager Cixi's regency.[7]
  • 1912Marie-Adélaïde, the eldest of six daughters of Guillaume IV, becomes the first reigning Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.[8]
  • 1916 – In the Battle of Verdun, a German unit captures Fort Douaumont, keystone of the French defences, without a fight.[9]
  • 1918 – German forces capture Tallinn to virtually complete the occupation of Estonia.[10]
  • 1921Georgian capital Tbilisi falls to the invading Russian forces after heavy fighting and the Russians declare the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.[11]
  • 1932Hitler, having been stateless for seven years, obtains German citizenship when he is appointed a Brunswick state official by Dietrich Klagges, a fellow Nazi. As a result, Hitler is able to run for Reichspräsident in the 1932 election.[12]
  • 1933 – Launch of the USS Ranger at Newport News, Virginia. It is the first purpose-built aircraft carrier to be commissioned by the US Navy.[13]
  • 1939 – As part of British air raid precautions, the first of 2.5 million Anderson shelters is constructed in a garden in Islington, north London.[14]
  • 1941 – The outlawed Communist Party of the Netherlands organises a general strike in German-occupied Amsterdam to protest against Nazi persecution of Dutch Jews.[15]
  • 1947 – The formal abolition of Prussia is proclaimed by the Allied Control Council, the Prussian government having already been abolished by the Preußenschlag of 1932.[16]
  • 1948 – In a coup d'état led by Klement Gottwald, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia takes control of government in Prague to end the Third Czechoslovak Republic.[17]
  • 1951 – The first Pan American Games are officially opened in Buenos Aires by Argentine President Juan Perón.[18]
  • 1956 – In his speech On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union, denounces Stalin.[19]
  • 1980 – The government of Suriname is overthrown by a military coup led by Dési Bouterse.[20]
  • 1986People Power Revolution: President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos flees the nation after 20 years of rule; Corazon Aquino becomes the Philippines' first woman president.[21]
  • 1991 – Disbandment of the Warsaw Pact at a meeting of its members in Budapest.[22]

Births[]

pre-19th century[]

  • 1259Infanta Branca of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile (d. 1321)[23]
  • 1337Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1383)[24]
  • 1475Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, last male member of the House of York (d. 1499)[25]
  • 1540Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton, English aristocrat and courtier (d. 1614)[26]
  • 1543Sharaf Khan Bidlisi, Emir of Bitlis (d. 1603)[27]
  • 1591Friedrich Spee, German poet and author (d. 1635)[28]
  • 1643Ahmed II, Ottoman sultan (d. 1695)[29]
  • 1663Peter Anthony Motteux, French-English author, playwright and translator (d. 1718)[30]
  • 1670Maria Margarethe Kirch, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1720)[31]
  • 1682Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist and pathologist (d. 1771)[32]
  • 1707Carlo Goldoni, Italian playwright and composer (d. 1793)[33]
  • 1714René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, French lawyer and politician, Lord Chancellor of France (d. 1792)[34]
  • 1728John Wood, the Younger, English architect, designed the Royal Crescent (d. 1782)[35]
  • 1752John Graves Simcoe, English-Canadian general and politician, 1st Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada (d. 1806)[36]
  • 1755François René Mallarmé, French lawyer and politician (d. 1835)[37]
  • 1778José de San Martín, Argentinian general and politician, 1st President of Peru (d. 1850)[38]

19th century[]

  • 1806Emma Catherine Embury, American author and poet (d. 1863)[39]
  • 1809John Hart, English-Australian politician, 10th Premier of South Australia (d. 1873)[40]
  • 1812Carl Christian Hall, Danish lawyer and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1888)[41]
  • 1816Giovanni Morelli, Italian historian and critic (d. 1891)[42]
  • 1833John St. John, American lawyer and politician, 8th Governor of Kansas (d. 1916)[43]
  • 1841Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French painter and sculptor (d. 1919)[44]
  • 1842Karl May, German author, poet, and playwright (d. 1912)[45]
  • 1845George Reid, Scottish-Australian lawyer and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1918)[46]
  • 1855Cesário Verde, Portuguese poet and author (d. 1886)[47]
  • 1856Karl Gotthard Lamprecht, German historian and academic (d. 1915)[48]
  • 1856 – Mathias Zdarsky, Czech-Austrian skier, painter, and sculptor (d. 1940)[49]
  • 1857Robert Bond, Canadian politician; first Prime Minister of Newfoundland (d. 1927)[50]
  • 1860William Ashley, English historian and academic (d. 1927)[51]
  • 1865Andranik, Armenian general (d. 1927)[52]
  • 1866Benedetto Croce, Italian philosopher and politician (d. 1952)[53]
  • 1869Phoebus Levene, Russian-American biochemist and physician (d. 1940)[54]
  • 1873Enrico Caruso, Italian-American tenor; the most popular operatic tenor of the early 20th century and the first great recording star. (d. 1921)[55]
  • 1877Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist and scholar (d. 1935)[56]
  • 1881William Z. Foster, American union leader and politician (d. 1961)[57]
  • 1881 – Alexei Rykov, Russian politician, Premier of Russia (d. 1938)[58]
  • 1883Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (d. 1981)[59]
  • 1885Princess Alice of Battenberg, mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (d. 1969)[60]
  • 1888John Foster Dulles, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 52nd United States Secretary of State (d. 1959)[61]
  • 1890Myra Hess, English pianist and educator (d. 1965)[62]
  • 1894Meher Baba, Indian spiritual master (d. 1969)[63]
  • 1898William Astbury, physicist and molecular biologist (d. 1961)[64]

1901–1925[]

  • 1901Vince Gair, Australian politician, 27th Premier of Queensland (d. 1980)[65]
  • 1901 – Zeppo Marx, American comedian (the youngest of the Marx Brothers) and theatrical agent (d. 1979)[66]
  • 1903King Clancy, Canadian ice hockey player, referee, and coach; rated one of the 100 greatest NHL players (d. 1986)[67]
  • 1905Perry Miller, American historian, author, and academic (d. 1963)[68]
  • 1906Mary Coyle Chase, American journalist and playwright; author of Harvey (d. 1981)[69]
  • 1907Sabahattin Ali, Turkish journalist, author, and poet (d. 1948)[70]
  • 1908Mary Locke Petermann, cellular biochemist (d. 1975)[71][72]
  • 1908 – Frank G. Slaughter, American physician and author (d. 2001)[73]
  • 1910Millicent Fenwick, American journalist and politician (d. 1992)[74]
  • 1913Jim Backus, American actor and screenwriter; the voice of Mr. Magoo (d. 1989)[75]
  • 1913 – Gert Fröbe, German actor; title role in Goldfinger (d. 1988)[76]
  • 1915S. Rajaratnam, 1st Senior Minister of Singapore (d. 2006)[77]
  • 1917Anthony Burgess, English author, playwright, and critic (d. 1993)[78]
  • 1918Bobby Riggs, American tennis player; winner of three major titles, 1939–1941 (d. 1995)[79]
  • 1919Monte Irvin, American baseball player and executive (d. 2016)[80]
  • 1920Philip Habib, American academic and diplomat, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (d. 1992)[81]
  • 1921Pierre Laporte, Canadian journalist, lawyer, and politician, Deputy Premier of Quebec (d. 1970)[82]
  • 1921 – Andy Pafko, American baseball player and manager (d. 2013)[83]
  • 1922Molly Reilly, Canadian aviator (d. 1980)[84][85]
  • 1924Hugh Huxley, English-American biologist and academic (d. 2013)[86]
  • 1925Shehu Shagari, former President of Nigeria (d. 2018)[87]
  • 1925 – Lisa Kirk, American actress and singer (d. 1990)[88]

1926–1950[]

  • 1926Masatoshi Gündüz Ikeda, Japanese-Turkish mathematician and academic; developed algebraic number theory (d. 2003)[89]
  • 1927Ralph Stanley, American bluegrass singer and banjo player; member of International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame (d. 2016)[90]
  • 1928Paul Elvstrøm, Danish yachtsman; winner of four Olympic gold medals, 1948–1960 (d. 2016)[91]
  • 1928 – A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., prominent African-American civil rights advocate, author, and federal court judge (d. 1998)[92]
  • 1928 – Larry Gelbart, American author and screenwriter; creator and producer of M*A*S*H TV series (d. 2009)[93]
  • 1928 – Richard G. Stern, American author and academic (d. 2013)[94]
  • 1932Tony Brooks, English racing driver; six Formula One victories, second in 1959 World Championship[95]
  • 1932 – Faron Young, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist; member of Country Music Hall of Fame (d. 1996)[96]
  • 1934Tony Lema, American golfer; winner of the 1964 Open Championship (d. 1966)[97]
  • 1935 – Oktay Sinanoglu, Turkish physical chemist and molecular biophysicist; two-time nominee for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2015)[98]
  • 1937Tom Courtenay, award-winning English actor[99]
  • 1937 – Bob Schieffer, American political author, journalist and TV interviewer[100]
  • 1938Herb Elliott, Australian 1500 metres runner; 1960 Olympic champion and world record holder[101]
  • 1938 – Farokh Engineer, Indian international cricketer; successful as batsman and wicketkeeper[102]
  • 1940Ron Santo, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2010)[103]
  • 1941David Puttnam, English film producer and academic[104]
  • 1943George Harrison, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and film producer; lead guitarist of The Beatles (d. 2001)[105]
  • 1944François Cevert, French racing driver (d. 1973)[106]
  • 1946Jean Todt, French racing driver and team manager; FIA President, 2009–2021[107]
  • 1947Lee Evans, American sprinter and athletics coach; two gold medals and world 400m record at 1968 Olympics[108]
  • 1949Amin Maalouf, Lebanese-French journalist and author[109]
  • 1950Francisco Fernández Ochoa, Spanish skier; 1972 Olympic slalom champion (d. 2006)[110]
  • 1950 – Neil Jordan, Irish film director, screenwriter and author[111]
  • 1950 – Néstor Kirchner, Argentinian politician; 51st President of Argentina, 2003–2007 (d. 2010)[112]

1951–2000[]

  • 1951Don Quarrie, Jamaican sprinter and coach; four Olympic medals and two world records[113]
  • 1952Joey Dunlop, Northern Irish motorcycle road racing champion; holds record for most wins (26) at the Isle of Man TT (d. 2000)[114]
  • 1953José María Aznar, Spanish politician; Prime Minister of Spain, 1996–2004[115]
  • 1957Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Singapore politician; 5th Senior Minister of Singapore[116]
  • 1958Kurt Rambis, American basketball player and coach; four-time NBA Finals champion[117]
  • 1962Birgit Fischer, German kayaker; winner of eight Olympic gold medals[118]
  • 1963Paul O'Neill, American baseball player and sportscaster; five-time World Series champion[119]
  • 1967Ed Balls, British politician; Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer[120]
  • 1968Oumou Sangaré, Grammy Award-winning Malian Wassoulou musician[121]
  • 1971Sean Astin, American actor, director and producer[122]
  • 1974Dominic Raab, British politician; First Secretary of State and Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs[123]
  • 1981Park Ji-sung, South Korean footballer; the most successful Asian player with 19 career trophies[124]
  • 1982Flavia Pennetta, Italian tennis player; winner of the 2015 US Open[125]
  • 1988Tom Marshall, British photo colouriser and artist[126]
  • 1992Jorge Soler, Cuban baseball player [127]
  • 1999Gianluigi Donnarumma, Italian international footballer; youngest goalkeeper to play for Italy[128]

Deaths[]

pre-19th century[]

  • 0806Tarasios, patriarch of Constantinople[129]
  • 0891Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese regent (b. 836)[130]
  • 1522William Lily, English scholar and educator (b. 1468)[131]
  • 1536Berchtold Haller, German-Swiss theologian and reformer (b. 1492)[132][133]
  • 1547Vittoria Colonna, marchioness of Pescara (b. 1490)[134]
  • 1601Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1566)[135]
  • 1634Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general and politician (b. 1583)[136]
  • 1655Daniël Heinsius, Flemish poet and scholar (b. 1580)[137]
  • 1682Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (b. 1639)[138]
  • 1710Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, French soldier and explorer (b. 1639)[139]
  • 1713Frederick I of Prussia (b. 1657)[140]
  • 1723Christopher Wren, English architect, designed St Paul's Cathedral (b. 1632)[141]
  • 1756Eliza Haywood, English actress and poet (b. 1693)[142]
  • 1796Samuel Seabury, American bishop (b. 1729)[143]

19th century[]

  • 1805Thomas Pownall, English politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1722)[144]
  • 1819Francisco Manoel de Nascimento, Portuguese-French poet and educator (b. 1734)[145]
  • 1822William Pinkney, American politician and diplomat, 7th United States Attorney General (b. 1764)[146]
  • 1841Philip Pendleton Barbour, American lawyer, judge, and politician, 12th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1783)[147]
  • 1850Daoguang Emperor of China (b. 1782)[148]
  • 1852Thomas Moore, Irish poet and lyricist (b. 1779)[149]
  • 1865Otto Ludwig, German author, playwright, and critic (b. 1813)[150]
  • 1870Henrik Hertz, Danish poet and playwright (b. 1797)[151]
  • 1877Jung Bahadur Rana, Nepalese ruler (b. 1816)[152]
  • 1878Townsend Harris, American merchant, politician, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Japan (b. 1804)[153]
  • 1899Paul Reuter, German-English journalist and businessman, founded Reuters (b. 1816)[154]

1901–1950[]

  • 1906Anton Arensky, Russian pianist and composer (b. 1861)[155]
  • 1910Worthington Whittredge, American painter and educator (b. 1820)[156]
  • 1911Friedrich Spielhagen, German author, theorist, and translator (b. 1829)[157]
  • 1912William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1852)[158]
  • 1914John Tenniel, English illustrator (b. 1820)[159]
  • 1915Charles Edwin Bessey, American botanist, author, and academic (b. 1845)[160]
  • 1920Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy, French archaeologist and engineer (b. 1844)[161]
  • 1928William O'Brien, Irish journalist and politician (b. 1852)[162]
  • 1934Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, American botanist and academic (b. 1857)[163]
  • 1934 – John McGraw, American baseball player and manager (b. 1873)[164]
  • 1945Mário de Andrade, Brazilian author, poet, and photographer (b. 1893)[165]
  • 1950George Minot, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)[166]

1951–2000[]

  • 1953Sergei Winogradsky, Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist and ecologist (b. 1856)[167]
  • 1957Mark Aldanov, Russian author and critic (b. 1888)[168]
  • 1957 – Bugs Moran, American mob boss (b. 1893)[169]
  • 1963Melville J. Herskovits, American anthropologist and academic (b. 1895)[170]
  • 1964Alexander Archipenko, Ukrainian sculptor and illustrator (b. 1887)[171]
  • 1964 – Grace Metalious, American author (b. 1924)[172]
  • 1970Mark Rothko, Latvian-American painter and academic (b. 1903)[173]
  • 1971Theodor Svedberg, Swedish chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884)[174]
  • 1972Gottfried Fuchs, German-Canadian Olympic soccer player (b. 1889)[175]
  • 1975Elijah Muhammad, American religious leader (b. 1897)[176]
  • 1978Daniel James, Jr., American general and pilot (b. 1920)[177]
  • 1980Robert Hayden, American poet and academic (b. 1913)[178]
  • 1983Tennessee Williams, American playwright, and poet (b. 1911)[179]
  • 1996Haing S. Ngor, Cambodian-American physician and author (b. 1940)[180]
  • 1997Andrei Sinyavsky, Russian journalist and publisher (b. 1925)[181]
  • 1998W. O. Mitchell, Canadian author and playwright (b. 1914)[182]
  • 1999Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)[183]

21st century[]

  • 2001A. R. Ammons, American poet and critic (b. 1926)[184]
  • 2001 – Don Bradman, Australian international cricketer; holder of world record batting average (b. 1908)[185][186]
  • 2005Peter Benenson, English lawyer, founded Amnesty International (b. 1921)[187]
  • 2008Hans Raj Khanna, Indian judge and advocate; upholder of civil liberties (b. 1912)[188]
  • 2010Ihsan Dogramaci, Turkish pediatrician and academic (b. 1915)[189]
  • 2012Louisiana Red, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1932)[190]
  • 2015Harve Bennett, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1930)[191]
  • 2015 – Eugenie Clark, American biologist and academic; noted ichthyologist (b. 1922)[192]
  • 2020Dmitry Yazov, last Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1924)[193]

Holidays and observances[]

File:Heilige Walburga.jpg

St Walpurga's feast day is 25 February.

Christian feast days[]

Further information: February 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  • Æthelberht of Kent[194][195]
  • Blessed Ciriaco María Sancha y Hervás[196]
  • Gerland of Agrigento[197]
  • John Roberts, writer and missionary[198]
  • Blessed Maria Adeodata Pisani[199]
  • Saint Walpurga (she was canonised on 1 May c. 870 and Walpurgis Night is celebrated 30 April)[200]

Others[]

  • Kitano Baika-sai or "Plum Blossom Festival" (Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine, Kyoto, Japan)[201]
  • Memorial Day for the Victims of the Communist Dictatorships (Hungary)[202]
  • National Day (Kuwait)[203]
  • People Power Day (Philippines)[204]
  • Revolution Day in Suriname[205]
  • Soviet Occupation Day (Georgia)[206]

References[]

  1. The Journal of Roman Studies. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. 1930. p. 82.
  2. Morony, Michael G. (2005). Iraq After the Muslim Conquest. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-15-93333-15-7.
  3. "Mass suicide at Pilenai: Lithuanian Defenders Choose Death over Enslavement". Dublin: Ancient Origins. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  4. "Samuel Colt receives patent for his revolver, February 25, 1836". Englewood, Colorado: Electrical Design News (EDN). Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  5. "Correspondence relating to the Provisional Cession of the Sandwich Islands to great Britain. February 1843". British and Foreign State Papers, Volume 31. London: Foreign Office. 1858. pp. 1023–1029.
  6. "Revels, Hiram Rhodes (1827–1901)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Washington, DC: Office of the House Historian, United States Congress. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  7. "Guangxu". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  8. "Marie-Adélaïde of Luxembourg – The abdication of Luxembourg's first Grand Duchess". History of Royal Women. Frankfurt am Main: MH Themes. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  9. Wakefield, Alan. "What was the Battle of Verdun?". London: Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  10. Parrott, Andrew (2002). "The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923: The First World War and the Wars of Independence" (PDF). Baltic Defence Review. Tartu, Estonia: Baltic Defence College. p. 139.
  11. Lang, David Marshall (1962). A Modern History of Soviet Georgia. New York City: Grove Press. pp. 234–236. ASIN B000WAJSKG.
  12. Hinrichs, Per (12 March 2007). "Hitler May Be Stripped of German Citizenship". Spiegel International. Hamburg: Spiegel Gruppe. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  13. Cressman, Robert J. (2003). USS Ranger: The Navy's First Flattop from Keel to Mast, 1934–1946. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-15-74887-20-4.
  14. Stanley, Martin. "History". Anderson Shelters. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  15. Green, David B. (25 February 2016). "The Dutch Strike Against Nazi Abuses of Jews". Tel Aviv: Haaretz. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  16. "The Acting Political Adviser for Germany (Muccio) to the Secretary of State". Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, Council of Foreign Ministers; Germany and Austria, Volume II. Washington, DC: Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State. 1947. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  17. Steil, Benn (9 May 2018). "Who Lost Czechoslovakia?". London: History Today Ltd. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  18. "The Spirit of Friendship Through Sports: Poster Images from the Pan-American Games, 1951–1999". Los Angeles: LA84 Foundation. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  19. Medvedev, Roy; Medvedev, Zhores (2004). Dahrendorf, Ellen (ed.). The Unknown Stalin: His Life, Death and Legacy. Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-15-85676-44-6.
  20. "Human Rights in Suriname". Washington, DC: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 5 October 1983. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  21. Crisostomo, Isabelo T. (1987). "Cory, Profile of a President: The Historic Rise to Power of Corazon". Wellesley, Massachusetts: Branden Books. p. 257. ISBN 978-08-28319-13-3.
  22. "Warsaw Pact and Comecon To Dissolve This Week". Boston, Massachusetts: The Christian Science Monitor. 26 February 1991. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  23. Rodrigues Oliveira, Ana (2010). Rainhas medievais de Portugal. Dezassete mulheres, duas dinastias, quatro séculos de História (in Portuguese). Lisbon: A esfera dos livros. p. 138. ISBN 978-98-96262-61-7.
  24. Boehm, Barbara Drake; Fajt, Jiri, eds. (2005). Prague: The Crown of Bohemia, 1347–1437. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. xvi. ISBN 978-03-00111-38-5.
  25. "Edward, Earl of Warwick". English Monarchs. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  26. "Henry Howard, earl of Northampton". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
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