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2024

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  2024 (Wednesday)
  2023 (Tuesday)
  2022 (Monday)
  2021 (Sunday)
  2020 (Friday)
  2019 (Thursday)
  2018 (Wednesday)
  2017 (Tuesday)
  2016 (Sunday)
  2015 (Saturday)

February 21 is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 313 days remain until the end of the year (314 in leap years).

Events[]

  • 1245Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
  • 1440 – The Prussian Confederation is formed.
  • 1613Mikhail I is unanimously elected Tsar by a national assembly, beginning the Romanov dynasty of Imperial Russia.
  • 1797 – A force of 1,400 French soldiers invaded Britain at Fishguard in support of the Society of United Irishmen. They were defeated by 500 British reservists.
  • 1804 – The first self-propelling steam locomotive makes its outing at the Pen-y-Darren Ironworks in Wales.
  • 1808 – Without a previous declaration of war, Russian troops cross the border to Sweden at Abborfors in eastern Finland, thus beginning the Finnish War, in which Sweden will lose the eastern half of the country (i.e. Finland) to Russia.
  • 1828 – Initial issue of the Cherokee Phoenix is the first periodical to use the Cherokee syllabary invented by Sequoyah.
  • 1842 – John Greenough is granted the first U.S. patent for the sewing machine.
  • 1848Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.
  • 1862American Civil War: Battle of Valverde is fought near Fort Craig in New Mexico Territory.
  • 1866Lucy Hobbs Taylor becomes the first American woman to graduate from dental school.
  • 1874 – The Oakland Daily Tribune publishes its first edition.
  • 1878 – The first telephone directory is issued in New Haven, Connecticut.
  • 1885 – The newly completed Washington Monument is dedicated.
  • 1896 – An Englishman raised in Australia, Bob Fitzsimmons, fought an Irishman, Peter Maher, in an American promoted event which technically took place in Mexico, winning the 1896 World Heavyweight Championship in boxing.
  • 1913Ioannina is incorporated into the Greek state after the Balkan Wars.
  • 1916World War I: In France, the Battle of Verdun begins.
  • 1918 – The last Carolina parakeet dies in captivity at the Cincinnati Zoo.
  • 1919 – German socialist Kurt Eisner is assassinated. His death results in the establishment of the Bavarian Soviet Republic and parliament and government fleeing Munich, Germany.
  • 1921Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Georgia adopts the country's first constitution.
  • 1921 – Rezā Shāh takes control of Tehran during a successful coup.
  • 1925The New Yorker publishes its first issue.
  • 1929 – In the first battle of the Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong against the Nationalist government of China, a 24,000-strong rebel force led by Zhang Zongchang was defeated at Zhifu by 7,000 NRA troops.[1]
  • 1934Augusto Sandino is executed.
  • 1937 – The League of Nations bans foreign national "volunteers" in the Spanish Civil War.
  • 1945World War II: During the Battle of Iwo Jima, Japanese kamikaze planes sink the escort carrier USS Bismarck Sea and damage the USS Saratoga.
  • 1945 – World War II: the Brazilian Expeditionary Force defeat the German forces in the Battle of Monte Castello on the Italian front.
  • 1947 – In New York City, Edwin Land demonstrates the first "instant camera", the Polaroid Land Camera, to a meeting of the Optical Society of America.
  • 1948NASCAR is incorporated.
  • 1952 – The British government, under Winston Churchill, abolishes identity cards in the UK to "set the people free".
  • 1952 – The Bengali Language Movement protests occur at the University of Dhaka in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
  • 1958 – The CND symbol, aka peace symbol, commissioned by the Direct Action Committee in protest against the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, is designed and completed by Gerald Holtom.
  • 1965Malcolm X is assassinated while giving a talk at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem.
  • 1971 – The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.
  • 1972 – United States President Richard Nixon visits the People's Republic of China to normalize Sino-American relations.
  • 1972 – The Soviet unmanned spaceship Luna 20 lands on the Moon.
  • 1973 – Over the Sinai Desert, Israeli fighter aircraft shoot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 jet killing 108 people.
  • 1974 – The last Israeli soldiers leave the west bank of the Suez Canal pursuant to a truce with Egypt.
  • 1975Watergate scandal: Former United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell and former White House aides H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman are sentenced to prison.
  • 1995Steve Fossett lands in Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon.
  • 2013 – At least 17 people are killed and 119 injured following several bombings in the Indian city of Hyderabad.

Births[]

  • 921Abe no Seimei, Japanese astrologer (d. 1005)
  • 1397Isabella of Portugal (d. 1471)
  • 1462Joanna la Beltraneja, princess of Castile (d. 1530)
  • 1484Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1535)
  • 1498Ralph Neville, 4th Earl of Westmorland, English Earl (d. 1549)
  • 1541Philipp V, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1599)
  • 1556Sethus Calvisius, German astronomer, composer, and theorist (d. 1615)
  • 1559Nurhaci, Manchu emperor (d. 1626)
  • 1609Raimondo Montecuccoli, Italian military commander (d. 1680)
  • 1621Rebecca Nurse, Massachusetts colonist, executed as a witch (d. 1692)
  • 1705Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke, English admiral and politician (d. 1781)
  • 1728Peter III of Russia (d. 1762)
  • 1783Catharina of Württemberg (d. 1835)
  • 1788Francis Ronalds, British scientist, inventor and engineer who was knighted for developing the first working electric telegraph (d. 1873)
  • 1791Carl Czerny, Austrian pianist and composer (d. 1857)
  • 1794Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican general and politician, 8th President of Mexico (d. 1876)
  • 1801John Henry Newman, English cardinal (d. 1890)
  • 1817José Zorrilla, Spanish poet and playwright (d. 1893)
  • 1821Charles Scribner I, American publisher, founded Charles Scribner's Sons (d. 1871)
  • 1836Léo Delibes, French pianist and composer (d. 1891)
  • 1844Charles-Marie Widor, French organist and composer (d. 1937)
  • 1860Goscombe John, Welsh-English sculptor and academic (d. 1952)
  • 1865John Haden Badley, English author and educator, founded the Bedales School (d. 1967)
  • 1867Otto Hermann Kahn, German banker and philanthropist (d. 1934)
  • 1875Jeanne Calment, French super-centenarian, oldest verified person ever (d. 1997)
  • 1878Mirra Alfassa, French-Indian spiritual leader (d. 1973)[2]
  • 1881Kenneth J. Alford, English soldier, bandmaster, and composer (d. 1945)
  • 1885Sacha Guitry, Russian-French actor, director, and playwright (d. 1957)
  • 1887Korechika Anami, Japanese general and politician, 54th Japanese Minister of War (d. 1945)
  • 1888Clemence Dane, English author and playwright (d. 1965)
  • 1892Harry Stack Sullivan, American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (d. 1949)
  • 1893Celia Lovsky, Austrian-American actress (d. 1979)
  • 1893 – Andrés Segovia, Spanish guitarist (d. 1987)
  • 1894Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar, Indian chemist and academic (d. 1955)
  • 1895Henrik Dam, Danish biochemist and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
  • 1896Nirala, Indian poet and author (d. 1961)
  • 1900Jeanne Aubert, French singer and actress (d. 1988) [3]
  • 1902Arthur Nock, English theologian and academic (d. 1963)
  • 1903Anaïs Nin, French-American essayist and memoirist (d. 1977)
  • 1903 – Raymond Queneau, French poet and author (d. 1976)
  • 1907W. H. Auden, English-American poet, playwright, and composer (d. 1973)
  • 1909Hans Erni, Swiss painter, sculptor, and illustrator (d. 2015)
  • 1910Douglas Bader, English captain and pilot (d. 1982)
  • 1912Arline Judge, American actress and singer (d. 1974)
  • 1914Ilmari Juutilainen, Finnish soldier and pilot (d. 1999)
  • 1914 – Zachary Scott, American actor (d. 1965)
  • 1914 – Jean Tatlock, American psychiatrist and physician (d. 1944)
  • 1915Claudia Jones, Trinidad-British journalist and activist (d. 1964)
  • 1915 – Ann Sheridan, American actress and singer (d. 1967)
  • 1915 – Anton Vratuša, Prime Minister of Slovenia (1978–1980) (d. 2017)
  • 1917Lucille Bremer, American actress and dancer (d. 1996)
  • 1917 – Tadd Dameron, American pianist and composer (d. 1965)
  • 1921John Rawls, American philosopher and academic (d. 2002)
  • 1921 – Richard T. Whitcomb, American aeronautical engineer (d. 2009)
  • 1924Thelma Estrin, American computer scientist and engineer (d. 2014)
  • 1924 – Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwean educator and politician, 2nd President of Zimbabwe (d. 2019)
  • 1924 – Dorothy Blum, American computer scientist and cryptanalyst (d. 1980)
  • 1925Sam Peckinpah, American director and screenwriter (d. 1984)
  • 1925 – Jack Ramsay, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster (d. 2014)
  • 1927Erma Bombeck, American journalist and author (d. 1996)
  • 1929Chespirito, Mexican actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2014)
  • 1933Nina Simone, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2003)
  • 1934Rue McClanahan, American actress (d. 2010)
  • 1935Richard A. Lupoff, American author
  • 1936Barbara Jordan, American lawyer and politician (d. 1996)
  • 1937Ron Clarke, Australian runner and politician, Mayor of the Gold Coast (d. 2015)
  • 1937 – Harald V of Norway
  • 1938Bobby Charles, American singer-songwriter (d. 2020)
  • 1938 – Kel Tremain, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1992)
  • 1940Peter Gethin, English race car driver (d. 2011)
  • 1940 – John Lewis, American activist and politician (d. 2020)
  • 1942Tony Martin, Trinidadian-American historian and academic (d. 2013)
  • 1942 – Margarethe von Trotta, German actress, director, and screenwriter
  • 1943David Geffen, American businessman, co-founded DreamWorks and Geffen Records
  • 1945Maurice Bembridge, English golfer
  • 1946Tyne Daly, American actress and singer
  • 1946 – Anthony Daniels, English actor and producer
  • 1946 – Alan Rickman, English actor and director (d. 2016)
  • 1946 – Bob Ryan, American journalist and author
  • 1947Johnny Echols, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1947 – Olympia Snowe, American politician
  • 1948Bill Slayback, American baseball player and singer (d. 2015)
  • 1949Frank Brunner, American illustrator
  • 1949 – Jerry Harrison, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
  • 1949 – Ronnie Hellström, Swedish footballer
  • 1950Larry Drake, American actor (d. 2016)
  • 1951Vince Welnick, American keyboard player (d. 2006)
  • 1952Jean-Jacques Burnel, English bass player, songwriter, and producer
  • 1952 – Vitaly Churkin, Russian diplomat, former Ambassador of Russia to the United Nations (d. 2017)
  • 1953Christine Ebersole, American actress and singer
  • 1953 – William Petersen, American actor and producer
  • 1954Christina Rees, British politician
  • 1955Kelsey Grammer, American actor, singer, and producer
  • 1958Jake Burns, Northern Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1958 – Mary Chapin Carpenter, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1958 – Kim Coates, Canadian actor
  • 1958 – Alan Trammell, American baseball player, coach, and manager
  • 1959José María Cano, Spanish singer-songwriter and painter
  • 1960Plamen Oresharski, Bulgarian economist and politician, 52nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria
  • 1960 – Steve Wynn, American singer-songwriter
  • 1961Christopher Atkins, American actor and businessman
  • 1962Chuck Palahniuk, American novelist and journalist
  • 1962 – David Foster Wallace, American novelist, short story writer, and essayist (d. 2008)
  • 1963William Baldwin, American actor
  • 1963 – Ranking Roger, English singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2019)
  • 1963 – Greg Turner, New Zealand golfer
  • 1964Mark Kelly, American captain, pilot, and astronaut
  • 1964 – Scott Kelly, American captain, pilot, and astronaut
  • 1965Mark Ferguson, Australian journalist
  • 1967Leroy Burrell, American runner and coach
  • 1967 – Sari Essayah, Finnish athlete and politician
  • 1969James Dean Bradfield, Welsh singer-songwriter and guitarist (Manic Street Preachers)
  • 1969 – Aunjanue Ellis, American actress and producer
  • 1969 – Petra Kronberger, Austrian skier
  • 1969 – Tony Meola, American soccer player and manager
  • 1969 – Cathy Richardson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1970Michael Slater, Australian cricketer and sportscaster
  • 1970 – Eric Wilson, American bass player and drummer
  • 1971Pierre Fulke, Swedish golfer
  • 1972Seo Taiji, South Korean singer-songwriter
  • 1973Heri Joensen, Faroese singer-songwriter and guitarist
  • 1973 – Brian Rolston, American ice hockey player and coach
  • 1974Iván Campo, Spanish footballer
  • 1975Scott Miller, Australian swimmer
  • 1976Ryan Smyth, Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1976 – Michael McIntyre, English comedian, actor and television presenter
  • 1977Jonathan Safran Foer, American novelist
  • 1977 – Steve Francis, American basketball player
  • 1977 – Owen King, American author
  • 1977 – Kevin Rose, American businessman and television host, founded Digg
  • 1978Kumail Nanjiani, Pakistani-American stand-up comedian, actor, writer and podcast host
  • 1979Pascal Chimbonda, Guadeloupean-French footballer, defender[4]
  • 1979 – Shane Gibson, American guitarist (stOrk and Jonathan Davis and the SFA) (d. 2014)
  • 1979 – Jennifer Love Hewitt, American actress and producer
  • 1979 – Carly Colón, Puerto Rican professional wrestler
  • 1979 – Jordan Peele, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
  • 1980Brad Fast, Canadian ice hockey player
  • 1980 – Tiziano Ferro, Italian singer-songwriter and producer
  • 1980 – Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, 5th King of Bhutan
  • 1980 – Justin Roiland, American animator, writer and voice actor
  • 1981Floor Jansen, Dutch singer, songwriter, and vocal coach
  • 1982Andre Barrett, American basketball player
  • 1982 – Chantal Claret, American singer-songwriter
  • 1982 – Tebogo Jacko Magubane, South African DJ and producer
  • 1983Braylon Edwards, American football player
  • 1983 – Franklin Gutiérrez, Venezuelan baseball player
  • 1983 – Mélanie Laurent, French actress
  • 1984Andrew Ellis, New Zealand rugby player
  • 1984 – David Odonkor, German footballer
  • 1984 – Marco Paoloni, Italian footballer
  • 1984 – James Wisniewski, American ice hockey player
  • 1985Georgios Samaras, Greek footballer
  • 1985 – Jamaal Westerman, American football player
  • 1986Charlotte Church, Welsh singer-songwriter and actress
  • 1987Ellen Page, Canadian actress
  • 1989Corbin Bleu, American actor, model, dancer, film producer and singer-songwriter[5]
  • 1990Mattias Tedenby, Swedish ice hockey player[6]
  • 1991Joe Alwyn, English actor[7]
  • 1991 – Riyad Mahrez, Algerian footballer
  • 1991 – Ji So-yun, South Korean footballer
  • 1991 – Devon Travis, American baseball player
  • 1991 – Suppasit Jongcheveevat, Thai actor
  • 1993Steve Leo Beleck, Cameroonian footballer
  • 1993 – Davy Klaassen, Dutch footballer
  • 1993 – Masaki Suda, Japanese actor
  • 1994Tang Haochen, Chinese tennis player
  • 1994 – Charalampos Mavrias, Greek footballer
  • 1996Sophie Turner, English actress

Deaths[]

  • 4 ADGaius Caesar, Roman consul and grandson of Augustus (b. 20 BC)
  • 675Randoald of Grandval, prior of the Benedictine monastery of Grandval
  • 1184Minamoto no Yoshinaka, Japanese shōgun (b. 1154)
  • 1267Baldwin of Ibelin, Seneschal of Cyprus
  • 1437James I of Scotland (b. 1394; assassinated)[8]
  • 1471Jan Rokycana, Czech bishop and theologian (b. 1396)
  • 1513Pope Julius II (b. 1443)
  • 1543Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, Somalian general (b. 1507)
  • 1554Hieronymus Bock, German botanist and physician (b. 1498)
  • 1572Cho Shik, Korean poet and scholar (d. 1501)
  • 1590Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, English nobleman and general (b. 1528)
  • 1595Robert Southwell, English priest and poet (b. 1561)
  • 1677Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher and scholar (b. 1632)
  • 1715Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, English politician (b. 1637)
  • 1730Pope Benedict XIII (b. 1649)
  • 1821Georg Friedrich von Martens, German jurist and diplomat (b. 1756)
  • 1824Eugène de Beauharnais, French general (b. 1781)
  • 1829 – Kittur Chennamma, Indian queen and freedom fighter (b. 1778)[9]
  • 1846Emperor Ninkō of Japan (b. 1800)
  • 1862Justinus Kerner, German poet and physician (b. 1786)
  • 1888William Weston, English-Australian politician, 3rd Premier of Tasmania (b. 1804)
  • 1891James Timberlake, American lieutenant and police officer (b. 1846)
  • 1919Kurt Eisner, German journalist and politician, Minister-President of Bavaria (b. 1867)
  • 1926Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
  • 1934Augusto César Sandino, Nicaraguan rebel leader (b. 1895)
  • 1938George Ellery Hale, American astronomer and academic (b. 1868)
  • 1941Frederick Banting, Canadian physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
  • 1944Ferenc Szisz, Hungarian-French race car driver (b. 1873)
  • 1945Eric Liddell, Scottish rugby player and runner (b. 1902)
  • 1946José Streel, Belgian journalist (b. 1911)
  • 1958Duncan Edwards, English footballer (b. 1936)
  • 1965Malcolm X, American minister and activist (b. 1925; assassinated)[10]
  • 1967Charles Beaumont, American author and screenwriter (b. 1929)
  • 1968Howard Florey, Australian pathologist and pharmacologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898)
  • 1972Zhang Guohua, Chinese general and politician (b. 1914)
  • 1972 – Bronislava Nijinska, Russian-American dancer and choreographer (b. 1891)
  • 1972 – Eugène Tisserant, French cardinal (b. 1884)
  • 1974Tim Horton, Canadian ice hockey player and businessman, co-founded Tim Hortons (b. 1930)
  • 1980Alfred Andersch, German-Swiss author (b. 1914)
  • 1982Gershom Scholem, German-Israeli historian and philosopher (b. 1897)
  • 1984Mikhail Sholokhov, Russian novelist and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
  • 1985Louis Hayward, South African-American actor (b. 1909)
  • 1986Helen Hooven Santmyer, American novelist (b. 1895)
  • 1991Dorothy Auchterlonie Green, Australian poet, critic, and academic (b. 1915)
  • 1993Inge Lehmann, Danish seismologist and geophysicist (b. 1888)
  • 1994Johannes Steinhoff, German general and pilot (b. 1913)
  • 1996Morton Gould, American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1913)
  • 1999Gertrude B. Elion, American biochemist and pharmacologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
  • 1999 – Ilmari Juutilainen, Finnish soldier and pilot (b. 1914)
  • 1999 – Wilmer Mizell, American baseball player and politician (b. 1930)
  • 2002John Thaw, English actor and producer (b. 1942)
  • 2004John Charles, Welsh footballer and manager (b. 1931)
  • 2005Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Cuban author, screenwriter, and critic (b. 1929)
  • 2005 – Zdzisław Beksiński, Polish painter, photographer, and sculptor (b. 1929)
  • 2008Ben Chapman, American actor (b. 1928)
  • 2011Dwayne McDuffie, American author and screenwriter, co-founded Milestone Media (b. 1962)
  • 2011 – Bernard Nathanson, American physician and activist (b. 1926)
  • 2012H. M. Darmstandler, American general (b. 1922)
  • 2013Hasse Jeppson, Swedish footballer (b. 1925)
  • 2014Héctor Maestri, Cuban-American baseball player (b. 1935)
  • 2014 – Matthew Robinson, Australian snowboarder (b. 1985)
  • 2014 – Cornelius Schnauber, German–American historian, playwright, and academic (b. 1939)
  • 2015Aleksei Gubarev, Russian general, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1931)
  • 2015 – Sadeq Tabatabaei, Iranian journalist and politician (b. 1943)[11][12]
  • 2015 – Clark Terry, American trumpet player, composer, and educator (b. 1920)
  • 2016Eric Brown, Scottish-English captain and pilot (b. 1919)
  • 2017Jeanne Martin Cissé, Guinean teacher and politician (b. 1926)[13]
  • 2018Billy Graham, American evangelist (b. 1918)[14]
  • 2019Stanley Donen, American film director (b. 1924)[15]
  • 2019 – Peter Tork, American musician and actor (b. 1942)[16]

Holidays and observances[]

  • Armed Forces Day (South Africa)
  • Birthday of King Harald V (Norway)
  • Christian feast day:
    • Felix of Hadrumetum
    • Pepin of Landen
    • Peter Damian
    • Randoald of Grandval
    • February 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  • Father Lini Day (Vanuatu)
  • Language Movement Day (Bangladesh)
    • International Mother Language Day (UNESCO)
  • The first day of the Birth Anniversary of Fifth Druk Gyalpo, celebrated until February 23. (Bhutan)
  • The first day of the Musikahan Festival, celebrated until February 27. (Tagum City, Philippines)
  • Feralia (Ancient Rome)

References[]

  1. Fuller (1943), p. 143.
  2. Pandya, Samta P. (2009). Faith Movements and Social Transformation: Guru Charisma in India. Singapore: Springer. p. 38. ISBN 9789811328220.
  3. "Biographie de Jeanne Aubert (1900-1988)". www.histoire-vesinet.org. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
  4. "Pascal Chimbonda". soccerbase.com. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  5. "Corbin Bleu". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  6. "Mattias Tedenby Stats". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  7. "Joe Alwyn". Glamour. UK: Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 2018-01-08. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  8. Thomas WATERHOUSE (of Grantham.) (1816). A genealogical account of the royal house of Stuart, Kings of Scotland, from the year 1043, to its union with the English Crown, ... also from that time to the commencement of the ... house of Brunswick; and down to the present period. p. 44.
  9. "Rani Chennamma of Kitturu". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
  10. Marable, Manning (2011). Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking. pp. 436–437. ISBN 978-0-670-02220-5.
  11. صادق طباطبایی درگذشت Archived 2015-03-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Persian)
  12. sadegh tabatabaei died
  13. Freland, François-Xavier (February 22, 2017). "La Guinée endeuillée par la disparition de Jeanne Martin Cissé, figure de l'indépendance et des droits des femmes". Jeune Afrique. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  14. "The Rev. Billy Graham, prominent Christian evangelist, dead at 99". Fox News. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  15. Pengelly, Martin (February 23, 2019). "Stanley Donen, director of Singin' in the Rain, dies aged 94" – via www.theguardian.com.
  16. Gates, Anita (February 21, 2019). "Peter Tork, Court Jester of the Monkees, Is Dead at 77" – via NYTimes.com.

Works cited[]


External links[]


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