View source for Backing vocalist

{{short description|Singer who provides vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Ebony Bones backup performer.jpg|thumb|One of the Wives, the backing vocalists for English singer [[Ebony Bones]]]]
'''Backing vocalists''' or '''backup singers''' are [[singer]]s who provide [[vocal harmony]] with the [[lead vocalist]] or other backing vocalists. In some cases, a backing vocalist may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalist's entry or to sing a [[counter-melody]]. Backing vocalists are used in a broad range of [[popular music]], [[traditional music]] and [[world music]] styles.

Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts. In many [[Rock music|rock]] and [[Heavy metal music|metal]] bands (e.g., the [[power trio]]), the musicians doing backing vocals also play instruments, such as guitar, electric bass, drums or keyboards. In [[Music of Latin America|Latin]] or [[Afro-Cuban]] groups, backing singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing. In some [[pop music|pop]] and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] groups and in [[musical theater]], the backing singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones.

The style of singing used by backing singers varies according to the type of song and the genre of music the band plays. In pop and [[country music|country]] songs, backing vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist. In [[hardcore punk]] or [[rockabilly]], other band members who play instruments may sing or shout backing vocals during the chorus (refrain) section of the songs.

==Terminology==
Alternative terms for backing vocalists include ''backing singers'', ''backing vocals'', ''additional vocals'' or, particularly in the United States and Canada, ''backup singers'' or sometimes ''background singers'' or ''harmony vocalists''.

==Examples==
While some bands use performers whose sole on-stage role is performing backing vocals, it is common for backing singers to have other roles. Two notable examples of band members who sang back-up are [[The Beach Boys]] and [[The Beatles]]. The Beach Boys were well known for their close vocal harmonies, occasionally with all five members singing at once such as "[[In My Room]]" and "[[Surfer Girl (song)|Surfer Girl]]". 

The Beatles were also known for their close style of vocal harmonies{{opinion|date=September 2011}} – all Beatles members sang both lead and backing vocals at some point, especially [[John Lennon]] and [[Paul McCartney]], who frequently supported each other with harmonies, often with fellow Beatle [[George Harrison]] joining in. [[Ringo Starr]], while not as prominent in the role of backing singer as his three bandmates due to his distinctive voice, can be heard singing backing vocals in such tracks as "[[The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill]]" and "[[Carry That Weight]]".  Examples of three-part harmonies by Lennon, McCartney and Harrison include "[[Nowhere Man (song)|Nowhere Man]]", "[[Because (The Beatles song)|Because]]", "[[Day Tripper]]", and "[[This Boy]]".
The members of [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]] and [[Bee Gees]] all each wrote songs and sang back-up or lead vocals and played various instruments on their albums and various collaborations with each other.

[[Guitarist]] [[John Frusciante]] and former guitarist [[Josh Klinghoffer]] of the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] sing nearly all backing vocals (few songs were recorded without backing vocals), often singing some parts without accompaniment from lead vocalist [[Anthony Kiedis]]. The band's bassist [[Michael Balzary|Flea]] occasionally filled in for additional vocals. Frusciante usually sang one song by himself during concerts. Another example is "No Frontiers" by [[The Corrs]], which is sung by Sharon and Caroline.

Other backing vocalists include [[rhythm guitarist]] [[Sebastien Lefebvre]] & [[bass guitarist]] [[David Desrosiers]] of [[pop punk]] band [[Simple Plan]], guitarist [[John Petrucci]] of [[Dream Theater]], [[lead guitarist]] [[Kirk Hammett]] & bass guitarist [[Robert Trujillo]] of [[Metallica]], and guitarists [[Zacky Vengeance]] & [[Synyster Gates]] of [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Avenged Sevenfold]].

==Lead singers who record backing vocals==
In the recording studio, some lead singers record their own backing vocals by [[overdubbing]] with a [[multitrack recording]] system. A multitrack recording system enables the [[record producer]] to add many layers of recordings over top of each other. Using a multitrack system, a lead vocalist can record his or her own backing vocals, and then record the lead vocal part over top. Some lead vocalists prefer this approach because the sound of their own harmonies will blend well with their main vocal.

One famous example is [[Freddie Mercury]] of [[Queen (band)|Queen]] singing the first part of "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]" himself by overdubbing.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McAlpine|first1=Fraser|title=10 Things You May Not Know About Queen's 'Bohemian Rhapsody'|url=http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2015/10/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-queens-bohemian-rhapsody|publisher=[[BBC America]]|access-date=16 May 2017|date=10 October 2015}}</ref> [[Patrick Stump]] of [[Fall Out Boy]], [[Tom DeLonge]] of [[Angels and Airwaves]], [[Wednesday 13]] in his own band and [[Murderdolls]], [[Ian Gillan]] of [[Deep Purple]], [[Simon Le Bon]] of [[Duran Duran]] and [[Brad Delp]] of [[Boston (band)|Boston]], also recorded lead and backing vocals for their albums.

With the exception of a few songs on each album, [[Michael Jackson]], [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Dan Fogelberg]], [[Eddie Rabbitt]], [[David Bowie]] and [[Richard Marx]] sing all of the background vocals for their songs. [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] of [[the Cure]] not only sings his own backing vocals in the studio, but also doesn't perform with backing vocalists when playing live.

==Different approaches==
Many [[metalcore]] and some [[post-hardcore]] bands, such as [[As I Lay Dying (band)|As I Lay Dying]], [[Alexisonfire]], [[Haste the Day]] and [[Silverstein (band)|Silverstein]] feature a main vocalist who performs using [[harsh vocals]], whilst the backing vocalist sings harmonies ([[clean vocals]]) during choruses to create a contrast. Some bands, such as [[Hawthorne Heights]] and [[Finch (American band)|Finch]] have the backing singers do harsh vocals to highlight specific lyrics.

[[Pop music|Pop]] and [[R&B]] vocalists such as [[Ariana Grande]], [[Mariah Carey]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Janet Jackson]], [[Beyoncé Knowles]], [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]], [[Faith Evans]], [[D'Angelo]], [[Mary J. Blige]] and [[Amerie]] have become known specifically for not only recording their own backing vocals, but for arranging their own multi-tracked vocals and even developing highly complex harmonies and arrangements.  When they perform live, they may have backing vocalists who impersonate their voices.

==Unusual backing vocal styles==
Some bands use backing vocals in order to contrast with the lead singer who may be performing an unusual vocal technique. For example, [[Brian "Head" Welch]], the [[lead guitarist]] of the band [[Korn]], performs backing vocals on several songs, and notably on the song "[[Ball Tongue]]", he screams the chorus while lead vocalist [[Jonathan Davis]] sings incomprehensible [[scat singing|scat vocals]]. Similarly, the Canadian [[deathcore]] group [[Despised Icon]] uses two vocalists, one performing screams and another performing low, growling [[death grunt]]s who alternate, and sometimes sing in unison to highlight certain lyrics. In [[rap music]], a background rapper who chants and rhymes to support the main artist is often referred to as [[hype man]].

==Career paths==
Working as a backing singer can give a vocalist the onstage experience and vocal training they need to develop into a lead vocalist. A number of lead vocalists such as [[Ace Frehley]], [[Richard Marx]], [[Mariah Carey]], [[Cher]], [[Gwen Stefani]], [[Pink (singer)|Pink]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Sheryl Crow]], [[Trisha Yearwood]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Jerry Only]], [[Jerry Cantrell]], [[Jason Newsted]], [[Dee Dee Ramone]] and [[Elton John]], learned their craft as backing singers, or singing backing vocals as part of a choir.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}<!-- These unsourced lists can be a real source of Hoaxing on WP...people just add in names for fun -->

==Uncredited backing vocals==
Notable uncredited background vocals appear in the following songs:
* [[John Lennon]] and [[Paul McCartney]] performed on [[the Rolling Stones]]' "[[We Love You]]".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CAvwZPKTkoC&q=stones+%22we+love+you%22+lennon&pg=PA129|title=The Beatles As Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology|page=129|first=Walter|last=Everett|date=31 March 1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199880935|access-date=28 August 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* [[Brian Jones]] on [[the Beatles]]' "[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]"{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
*[[Patti Labelle]] on [[Kanye West]]'s "Roses" from the album ''[[Late Registration]]''.  She said the liner notes were already printed when she lent her vocals to the track.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frampton|first1=Scott|title=What's Playing in Patti LaBelle's Ear?|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/patti-labelles-favorite-music|website=Oprah.com|publisher=Harpo Productions, Inc.|access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref>
*[[Ronnie Spector]] on [[Eddie Money]]'s "[[Take Me Home Tonight (song)|Take Me Home Tonight]]", from [[the Ronettes]]' 1963 hit "[[Be My Baby]]".
* "[[The Wallflower (Dance with Me, Henry)|Roll with Me, Henry]]"  by [[Etta James]] includes [[Richard Berry (musician)|Richard Berry]], author of "[[Louie Louie]]",  performing the role of "Henry".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DykffzkFALoC&q=wallflower+%22Richard+Berry%22&pg=PA31|title=Rock Obituaries: Knocking On Heaven's Door|first=Nick|last=Talevski|date=7 April 2010|publisher=Omnibus Press|page=31|isbn=9780857121172|access-date=28 August 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* [[Sam Cooke]]'s "[[Bring It On Home to Me]]" has vocal responses by  [[Lou Rawls]] matching Cooke word for word and note for note.<ref>Talevski, p.535</ref>
* [[Mick Jagger]] performs background vocals on [[Carly Simon]]'s recording of "[[You're So Vain]]", which led to the apparently erroneous theory that the song was about Jagger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carlysimon.com/vain/vain.html|title=Carly Simon.com|website=Carlysimon.com|access-date=27 July 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209193126/http://www.carlysimon.com/vain/vain.html|archive-date=9 February 2009}}</ref>
* [[Howlin' Wolf]] sings on [[Koko Taylor]]'s version of "[[Wang Dang Doodle]]", which Wolf had recorded previously.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
* [[Jimmy Reed]]'s wife, Mary "Mama" Reed, sings unison harmony on many of his songs, including two of his biggest hits, "[[Big Boss Man (song)|Big Boss Man]]" and "[[Bright Lights, Big City (song)|Bright Lights, Big City]]".{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
* [[Dean Friedman]]'s UK hit "Lucky Stars" features [[Denise Marsa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deanfriedman.com/discog/discog_home.html|title=Discography|website=Deanfriedman.com|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref>
* [[Jonathan Richman]]'s "The Neighbors" features Jody Ross.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warr.org/richman.html|title=Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers|website=Warr.org|access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref>
* [[Andrew Gold]]'s<!--ACCORDING TO MULTIPLE RELIABLE SOURCES, FREDDIE MERCURY PERFORMED AS AN UNCREDITED BACKGROUND SINGER. DO NOT REMOVE HIS NAME ON THE GROUNDS THAT HE WAS NOT LISTED IN THE ALBUM CREDITS, AS THIS CONSTITUTES VANDALISM AND WILL BE REVERTED. IF YOU WISH TO CONTEST MERCURY'S INVOLVEMENT, FIND A CITE FROM A RELIABLE THIRD PARTY PUBLICATION WHICH ASSERTS THAT HE DID NOT APPEAR ON THE TRACK, THEN RAISE THE ISSUE ON THE TALK PAGE.--> "[[Never Let Her Slip Away]]" features harmony vocals from [[Freddie Mercury]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://top500.smoothradio.com/2015/chart/position/318/ |title=Top 500 |publisher=[[Smooth Radio (2010)|Smooth Radio]] |access-date=2 September 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410033547/http://top500.smoothradio.com/2015/chart/position/318/ |archive-date=10 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>Sweeting, Adam. [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/06/andrew-gold-obituary Andrew Gold obituary]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. June 6, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011.</ref><ref>"Never Let Her Slip Away". ''[[Johnnie Walker (DJ)|Johnnie Walker's Sounds of the 70s]]''. [[BBC Radio 2]]. 5 Feb 2012.</ref><ref>O'Neal, Sean. [http://www.avclub.com/articles/rip-andrew-gold-songwriter-of-lonely-boy-and-the-g,57142/ R.I.P. Andrew Gold, songwriter of "Lonely Boy" and ''The Golden Girls'' theme]. ''[[The A.V. Club]]''. June 6, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.contactmusic.com/news/singersongwriter-andrew-gold-dies_1224195 Singer/Songwriter Andrew Gold Dies]. [[Contactmusic.com|Contactmusic]]. June 6, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://blogs.abc.net.au/wa/2011/06/andrew-gold-lonely-boy-.html Drive with Russell Woolf; Andrew Gold – Lonely Boy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310062618/http://blogs.abc.net.au/wa/2011/06/andrew-gold-lonely-boy-.html |date=2013-03-10 }}. [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]. June 16, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2013.</ref>
* [[Rockwell (musician)|Rockwell]]'s "Somebody's Watching Me" featured backing vocals by [[Jermaine Jackson]] and [[Michael Jackson]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb_ghov9uEMC&q=%22backing+singer%22+uncredited&pg=PA58|title=Michael Jackson the Solo Years|first1=Craig|last1=Halstead|first2=Chris|last2=Cadman|date=28 August 2018|publisher=Authors On Line Ltd|page=58|isbn=9780755200917|access-date=28 August 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* "[[Bad Blood (Neil Sedaka song)|Bad Blood]]" by [[Neil Sedaka]] features backing vocals by [[Elton John]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ovguide.com/bad-blood-9202a8c04000641f800000000473a1fd|title=Bad Blood Music Video|website=OVGuide|access-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823073503/https://www.ovguide.com/bad-blood-9202a8c04000641f800000000473a1fd|archive-date=23 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]]'s "Superstar" feature vocals from [[Faith Evans]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramirez|first=Erika|title=Usher's 'Confessions' at 10: An Oral History with Lil Jon, Jermaine Dupri & More|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/5944807/usher-s-confessions-at-10-an-oral-history-with-lil-jon-jermaine-dupri-more?page=0%2C1|website=Billboard.com|access-date=March 22, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Paul McCartney]] can be heard as one of the background revellers on [[Donovan]]'s  1966 "[[Mellow Yellow]]". (Contrary to popular belief, it is not McCartney whispering the "quite rightly" answering lines in the chorus, but rather Donovan himself).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://donovan-unofficial.com/music/albums/mellow_yellow.html |title=Mellow Yellow |publisher=Donovan Unofficial |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref>
* [[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]] contributed background vocals on "Tears" by [[the Isley Brothers]], a song he wrote for their 1996 album ''[[Mission to Please]]''.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
* [[Mýa]] performs background vocals on "[[Get None]]", the debut single released by singer [[Tamar Braxton]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Revisiting the Overlooked Debut Album from Tamar Braxton, "Tamar" from 2000|url=http://youknowigotsoul.com/revisiting-the-overlooked-debut-album-from-tamar-braxton-tamar-in-2000|website=Youknowigotsoul.com|publisher=You Know I Got Soul|access-date=2015-12-13}}</ref>
* [[Joe (singer)|Joe]] performed background vocals on [[SWV]]'s single "[[Use Your Heart]]", although he was credited for vocal arrangement and vocal production on the song.<ref>{{cite web|title=SWV – Use Your Heart (The Remixes)|url=http://www.discogs.com/SWV-Use-Your-Heart-The-Remixes/release/2647319|website=Discogs.com|publisher=Discogs|access-date=2015-04-15}}</ref>
* [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]] sang background vocals on the remixed version of  [[Luther Vandross]]' ''Nights in Harlem'', which was remixed by the former's longtime associate [[Rodney Jerkins]].{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
* [[Al B. Sure!]] contributed background vocals to [[Guy (band)|Guy]]'s song "You Can Call Me Crazy". According to producer [[Teddy Riley (producer)|Teddy Riley]], the song was originally planned for Sure!'s debut album ''[[In Effect Mode]]'' but the song never made the final cut.<ref>{{cite web|title=Class Of '88: GUY|url=http://allhiphop.com/2008/07/21/class-of-88-guy/|website=Allhiphop.com|access-date=2015-04-15}}</ref>
* [[Mint Condition (band)|Mint Condition]] frontman [[Stokley Williams]] performs background vocals on "The Curse Of The Gifted", from [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]]'s 2013 album ''[[The Gifted (album)|The Gifted]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Noel|title=EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: STOKLEY WILLIAMS SPEAKS ON PRODUCING WALE'S "THE GIFTED" LP|url=http://respect-mag.com/exclusive-interview-stokley-williams-speaks-on-producing-wales-the-gifted-lp/|website=Respect-mag.com|access-date=2015-05-06}}</ref>
*[[Eric Roberson]] performs background vocals on [[Cam'ron]]'s song "Tomorrow" from his 2002 album, ''[[Come Home with Me]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Whitener|first1=Connie|title=5 things you did not know about Eric Roberson|url=http://m.axs.com/5-things-you-did-not-know-about-eric-roberson-34084|website=Axs.com|publisher=AXS|access-date=2016-02-18}}</ref>
* [[Anelia]] performs vocals on [[Andrea (Bulgarian singer)|Andrea]]'s 2014 song ''Най-добрата'' (Nay-dobrata).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://signal.bg/view_article.php?article_id=34040|title=ВИЖ "Най-добрата" на Андреа - Попфолк - Signal.bg|website=Signal.bg|access-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701040655/http://signal.bg/view_article.php?article_id=34040|archive-date=1 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Jamie Foxx]] performs vocals on [[Ariana Grande]]'s 2015 single "[[Focus (Ariana Grande song)|Focus]]".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goodman|first1=Jessica|title=Ariana Grande reveals Jamie Foxx's vocals are featured on 'Focus'|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/31/ariana-grande-jamie-foxx-focus|website=Ew.com|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref>
* [[Ina Wroldsen]] performs vocals on [[Calvin Harris]]'s and [[Disciples (production team)|Disciples]]'s 2015 song "[[How Deep Is Your Love (Calvin Harris and Disciples song)|How Deep Is Your Love]]".<ref name="idolator1">{{cite web|last1=Daw|first1=Robbie|title=Calvin Harris & Disciples' "How Deep Is Your Love": Listen To The Full Song|url=http://www.idolator.com/7600615/calvin-harris-disciples-how-deep-is-your-love-listen-ina-wroldsen|website=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|access-date=17 July 2015|date=15 July 2015}}</ref>
* [[Iselin Solheim]] performs vocals on [[Alan Walker (music producer)|Alan Walker]]'s 2015 song "[[Faded (Alan Walker song)|Faded]]", and his 2016 song "[[Sing Me to Sleep]]".<ref name="popcrush.com">{{cite web|url=http://popcrush.com/best-songs-we-heard-this-week-jeremih-the-1975-alan-walker-more/|title=Best Songs We Heard This Week: Jeremih, The 1975, Alan Walker + More|website=Popcrush.com}}</ref>
* [[Emily Warren]] performs vocals on [[The Chainsmokers]] 2017 single "[[Paris (The Chainsmokers song)|Paris]]".
* [[Mary Mary]] performs background vocals on "Yeah" by [[Yolanda Adams]] from her 1999 album ''[[Mountain High... Valley Low]]''.
* [[Boyz II Men]] performs background vocals on [[Johnny Gill]]'s track "I Got You" from his 1993 album ''[[Provocative (album)|Provocative]]''.
* [[Jodeci]] star JoJo Hailey and [[Mary J. Blige]]'s sister LaTonya Blige performs vocals on the song "[[You Bring Me Joy (Mary J. Blige song)|You Bring Me Joy]]" performed by her sister Mary J. Blige from Blige's 1994 release ''[[My Life (Mary J. Blige album)|My Life]]''.
* [[Johnny Gill]] performs background vocals on [[Pebbles (singer)|Pebbles]]' song "Always" from her [[Always (Pebbles album)|1990 album of the same name]].
*[[Luther Vandross]] performs background vocals on [[BeBe & CeCe Winans]]' song "Searching for Love (It's Real)" from the 1991 album ''[[Different Lifestyles]]''.
*Cassandra Lucas of [[Changing Faces (group)|Changing Faces]] performs vocals on the track "Special Girl" recorded by [[Donell Jones]] from his 2006 album ''[[Journey of a Gemini]]''.
*[[R. Kelly]] performs background vocals on [[Changing Faces (group)|Changing Faces]]' hit single "[[Stroke You Up]]" from their [[Changing Faces (Changing Faces album)|1994 eponymous debut album]], which originally written and produced by Kelly.
*[[Olivia Newton-John]] performs an uncredited background vocal on the [[John Denver]] song "[[Fly Away (John Denver song)|Fly Away]]."
*[[Jennifer Hudson]] performed background vocals [[Tyrese Gibson|Tyrese]]'s hit song "[[Shame (Tyrese song)|Shame]]" from his 2015 album ''[[Black Rose (Tyrese album)|Black Rose]]''.
*[[Sheena Easton]] performs uncredited vocals on the [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] song "[[U Got the Look]]."
*[[Xscape (group)|Xscape]] member and star [[LaTocha Scott]] performs background vocals on the song "Down Time" by former [[The Temptations|Temptations]] member [[Theo Peoples]] (sometimes credited as '''Theo''') from his 2000 solo debut album of the same name.

==See also==
*[[List of backing groups]]
*[[Nebenstimme]]
*[[Vocaloid|VOCALOID]]
*''[[20 Feet from Stardom]]'' (2013 documentary film on backing singers)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Backing vocalists}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00kgfc1 R.E.S.P.E.C.T - The Art of Backing Vocals] (BBC Radio 4 programme)

{{Music industry}}

[[Category:Occupations in music]]
[[Category:Singing]]