30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra.[citation needed]
20 BC – Ludi Volcanalici are held within the temple precinct of Vulcan, and used by Augustus to mark the treaty with Parthia and the return of the legionary standards that had been lost at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC.[citation needed]
AD 79 – Mount Vesuvius begins stirring, on the feast day of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.[1]
476 – Odoacer, chieftain of the Germanic tribes (Herulic - Scirianfoederati), is proclaimed rex Italiae ("King of Italy") by his troops.
1244 – Siege of Jerusalem: The city's citadel, the Tower of David, surrenders to Khwarezmian Empire.
1268 – The Battle of Tagliacozzo marks the fall of the Hohenstaufen family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.
1305 – Sir William Wallace is executed for high treason at Smithfield, London.
1328 – Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.
1382 – Siege of Moscow: The Golden Horde led by Tokhtamysh lays siege to the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
1514 – The Battle of Chaldiran ends with a decisive victory for the Sultan Selim I, Ottoman Empire, over the Shah Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty.[2]
1521 – Christian II of Denmark is deposed as king of Sweden and Gustav Vasa is elected regent.
1541 – French explorer Jacques Cartier lands near Quebec City in his third voyage to Canada.
1572 – French Wars of Religion: Mob violence against thousands of Huguenots in Paris results in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.
1595 – Long Turkish War: Wallachian princeMichael the Brave confronts the Ottoman army in the Battle of Călugăreni and achieves a tactical victory.
1600 – Battle of Gifu Castle: The eastern forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu defeat the western Japanese clans loyal to Toyotomi Hideyori, leading to the destruction of Gifu Castle and serving as a prelude to the Battle of Sekigahara.
1628 – George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham, is assassinated by John Felton.
1655 – Battle of Sobota: The Swedish Empire led by Charles X Gustav defeats the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1703 – Edirne event: Sultan Mustafa II of the Ottoman Empire is dethroned.
1775 – American Revolutionary War: King George III delivers his Proclamation of Rebellion to the Court of St James's stating that the American colonies have proceeded to a state of open and avowed rebellion.
1784 – Western North Carolina (now eastern Tennessee) declares itself an independent state under the name of Franklin; it is not accepted into the United States, and only lasts for four years.
1799 – Napoleon I of France leaves Egypt for France en route to seizing power.
1813 – At the Battle of Großbeeren, the Prussians under Von Bülow repulse the French army.
1831 – Nat Turner's slave rebellion is suppressed.
1839 – The United Kingdom captures Hong Kong as a base as it prepares for the First Opium War with Qing China.
1864 – American Civil War: The Union Navycaptures Fort Morgan, Alabama, thus breaking Confederate dominance of all ports on the Gulf of Mexico except Galveston, Texas.
1866 – Austro-Prussian War ends with the Treaty of Prague.
1914 – World War I: The British Expeditionary Force and the French Fifth Army begin their Great Retreat before the German Army.
1914 – World War I: Japan declares war on Germany.
1921 – British airship R-38 experiences structural failure over Hull in England and crashes in the Humber Estuary. Of her 49 British and American training crew, only four survive.
1923 – CaptainLowell Smith and Lieutenant John P. Richter performed the first mid-air refueling on De Havilland DH-4B, setting an endurance flight record of 37 hours.
1927 – Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti are executed after a lengthy, controversial trial.
1929 – Hebron Massacre during the 1929 Palestine riots: Arab attack on the Jewish community in Hebron in the British Mandate of Palestine, continuing until the next day, resulted in the death of 65–68 Jews and the remaining Jews being forced to leave the city.
1939 – World War II: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression treaty, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. In a secret addition to the pact, the Baltic states, Finland, Romania, and Poland are divided between the two nations.
1942 – World War II: Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad.
1943 – World War II: Kharkiv is liberated by the Soviet Union after the Battle of Kursk.
1944 – World War II: Marseille is liberated by the Allies.
1944 – World War II: King Michael of Romaniadismisses the pro-Nazi government of Marshal Antonescu, who is arrested. Romania switches sides from the Axis to the Allies.
1944 – Freckleton Air Disaster: A United States Army Air ForcesB-24 Liberator bomber crashes into a school in Freckleton, England, killing 61 people.
1945 – World War II: Soviet–Japanese War: The USSR State Defense Committee issues Decree no. 9898cc "About Receiving, Accommodation, and Labor Utilization of the Japanese Army Prisoners of War".
1946 – Ordinance No. 46 of the British Military Government constitutes the German Länder (states) of Hanover and Schleswig-Holstein.
1954 – First flight of the Lockheed C-130 multi-role aircraft.
1958 – Chinese Civil War: The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis begins with the People's Liberation Army's bombardment of Quemoy.
1966 – Lunar Orbiter 1 takes the first photograph of Earth from orbit around the Moon.
1970 – Organized by Mexican Americanlabor union leader César Chávez, the Salad Bowl strike, the largest farm worker strike in U.S. history, begins.
1973 – A bank robbery gone wrong in Stockholm, Sweden, turns into a hostage crisis; over the next five days the hostages begin to sympathise with their captors, leading to the term "Stockholm syndrome".
1975 – The start of the Wave Hill walk-off by Gurindji people in Australia, lasting eight years, a landmark event in the history of Indigenous land rights in Australia, commemorated in a 1991 Paul Kelly song and an annual celebration.[3]
1975 – The Pontiac Silverdome opens in Pontiac, Michigan, 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Detroit, Michigan
1985 – Hans Tiedge, top counter-spy of West Germany, defects to East Germany.
1989 – Singing Revolution: Two million people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania stand on the Vilnius–Tallinn road, holding hands. This is called the Baltic Way or Baltic Chain.
1990 – Saddam Hussein appears on Iraqi state television with a number of Western "guests" (actually hostages) to try to prevent the Gulf War.
1994 – Eugene Bullard, the only African American pilot in World War I, is posthumously commissioned as Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force.
2000 – Gulf Air Flight 072 crashes into the Persian Gulf near Manama, Bahrain, killing 143.
2006 – Natascha Kampusch, who had been abducted at the age of ten, escapes from her captor Wolfgang Přiklopil, after eight years of captivity.
2007 – The skeletal remains of Russia's last royal family members Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia, and his sister Grand Duchess Anastasia are discovered near Yekaterinburg, Russia.
2011 – A magnitude 5.8 (class: moderate) earthquake occurs in Virginia. Damage occurs to monuments and structures in Washington D.C. and the resulted damage is estimated at $200 million–$300 million USD.
2011 – Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi is overthrown after the National Transitional Council forces take control of Bab al-Azizia compound during the Libyan Civil War.
2012 – A hot-air balloon crashes near the Slovenian capital of Ljubljana, killing six people and injuring 28 others.
2013 – A riot at the Palmasola prison complex in Santa Cruz, Bolivia kills 31 people.
Births[]
1482 – Jo Gwang-jo, Korean philosopher (d. 1520)
1486 – Sigismund von Herberstein, Slovenian historian and diplomat (d. 1566)
1498 – Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal (d. 1500)
1524 – François Hotman, French lawyer and jurist (d. 1590)
1579 – Thomas Dempster, Scottish scholar and historian (d. 1625)
1623 – Stanisław Lubieniecki, Polish astronomer, theologian, and historian (d. 1675)
1724 – Abraham Yates, Jr., American lawyer and civil servant (d. 1796)
1741 – Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, French admiral and explorer (d. 1788)
1754 – Louis XVI of France (d. 1793)
1769 – Georges Cuvier, French biologist and academic (d. 1832)
1783 – William Tierney Clark, English engineer, designed the Hammersmith Bridge (d. 1852)
1785 – Oliver Hazard Perry, American commander (d. 1819)
1805 – Anton von Schmerling, Austrian judge and politician (d. 1893)
1814 – James Roosevelt Bayley, American archbishop (d. 1877)
1829 – Moritz Cantor, German mathematician and historian (d. 1920)
1843 – William Southam, Canadian publisher (d. 1932)
1846 – Alexander Milne Calder, Scottish-American sculptor (d. 1923)
1847 – Sarah Frances Whiting, American physicist and astronomer (d. 1927)
1849 – William Ernest Henley, English poet and critic (d. 1903)
1850 – John Cockburn, Scottish-Australian politician, 18th Premier of South Australia (d. 1929)
1852 – Radha Gobinda Kar, Indian physician and philanthropist (d. 1918)
1852 – Clímaco Calderón, Colombian lawyer and politician, 15th President of Colombia (d. 1913)
1852 – Arnold Toynbee, English economist and historian (d. 1883)[4]
1854 – Moritz Moszkowski, Polish-German pianist and composer (d. 1925)
1864 – Eleftherios Venizelos, Greek lawyer, jurist, and politician, 93rd Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1936)
1867 – Edgar de Wahl, Ukrainian-Estonian linguist and academic (d. 1948)
1868 – Edgar Lee Masters, American lawyer, author, poet, and playwright (d. 1950)
1872 – Tanguturi Prakasam, Indian lawyer and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Andhra (d. 1957)
1875 – William Eccles, English physicist and engineer (d. 1966)
1875 – Eugene Lanceray, Russian painter and sculptor (d. 1946)
1877 – István Medgyaszay, Hungarian architect and academic (d. 1959)
1880 – Alexander Grin, Russian sailor and author (d. 1932)
1883 – Jonathan M. Wainwright, American general, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1953)
1884 – Will Cuppy, American author and critic (d. 1949)
1884 – Ogden L. Mills, American captain, lawyer, and politician, 50th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1937)
1890 – Harry Frank Guggenheim, American businessman and publisher, co-founded Newsday (d. 1971)
1891 – Roy Agnew, Australian pianist and composer (d. 1944)
1894 – John Auden, English solicitor, deputy coroner and a territorial soldier (d. 1959)
1897 – Henry F. Pringle, American historian and journalist (d. 1958)
1900 – Frances Adaskin, Canadian pianist (d. 2001)
1900 – Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer and educator (d. 1991)
1900 – Malvina Reynolds, American singer-songwriter and activist (d. 1978)
1901 – Guy Bush, American baseball player and manager (d. 1985)
1901 – John Sherman Cooper, American captain, lawyer, and politician, 2nd United States Ambassador to East Germany (d. 1991)
1903 – William Primrose, Scottish viola player and educator (d. 1982)
1905 – Ernie Bushmiller, American cartoonist (d. 1982)
1905 – Constant Lambert, English composer and conductor (d. 1951)
1906 – Zoltan Sarosy, Hungarian-Canadian chess master (d. 2017)
1908 – Hannah Frank, Scottish sculptor and illustrator (d. 2008)
1909 – Syd Buller, English cricketer and umpire (d. 1970)
1910 – Lonny Frey, American baseball player and soldier (d. 2009)
1910 – Giuseppe Meazza, Italian footballer and manager (d. 1979)
1911 – Betty Robinson, American sprinter (d. 1999)[5]
1912 – Gene Kelly, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 1996)
1912 – Igor Troubetzkoy, Russian aristocrat and race car driver (d. 2008)
1913 – Bob Crosby, American swing singer and bandleader (d. 1993)
1917 – Tex Williams, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1985)
1919 – Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin, Azerbaijani mathematician and theorist (d. 1984)
1921 – Kenneth Arrow, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017)
1921 – Sam Cook, English cricketer and umpire (d. 1996)
1922 – Nazik Al-Malaika, Iraqi poet and academic (d. 2007)
1922 – Jean Darling, American actress and singer (d. 2015)
1922 – George Kell, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2009)
1923 – Edgar F. Codd, English-American computer scientist and programmer (d. 2003)
1924 – Ephraim Kishon, Israeli author, screenwriter, and director (d. 2005)
1924 – Robert Solow, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
1925 – Robert Mulligan, American director and producer (d. 2008)
1926 – Clifford Geertz, American anthropologist and academic (d. 2006)
1926 – Gyula Hernádi, Hungarian author and screenwriter (d. 2005)
1927 – Dick Bruna, Dutch author and illustrator (d. 2017)
1927 – Allan Kaprow, American painter and author (d. 2006)
1927 – Martial Solal, Algerian-French pianist and composer
