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The Tiananmen Square protests, known in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident[1][2][lower-alpha 1] were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, during 1989. In what is known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, or in Chinese the June Fourth Clearing[lower-alpha 2] or June Fourth Massacre[lower-alpha 3], Chinese government troops violently suppressed the demonstrators and those trying to block the military's advance into Tiananmen Square. The protests started on 15 April and were forcibly suppressed on 4 June when the government sent the People's Liberation Army to occupy parts of central Beijing. Estimates of the death toll vary from several hundred to several thousand, with thousands more wounded.[3][4][5][6][7][8] The popular national movement inspired by the Beijing protests is sometimes called the '89 Democracy Movement[lower-alpha 4] or the Tiananmen Square Incident[lower-alpha 5].
The protests were precipitated by the death of pro-reform Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Hu Yaobang in April 1989 amid the backdrop of rapid economic development and social change in post-Mao China, reflecting anxieties among the people and political elite about the country's future. The reforms of the 1980s had led to a nascent market economy that benefited some people but seriously disadvantaged others, and the one-party political system also faced a challenge to its legitimacy. Common grievances at the time included inflation, corruption, limited preparedness of graduates for the new economy,[9] and restrictions on political participation. Although they were highly disorganized and their goals varied, the students called for greater accountability, constitutional due process, democracy, freedom of the press, and freedom of speech.[10][11] Workers' protests were generally focused on inflation and the erosion of welfare.[12] These groups united around anti-corruption demands, adjusting economic policies, and protecting social security.[12] At the height of the protests, about one million people assembled in the square.[13]
As the protests developed, the authorities responded with both conciliatory and hardline tactics, exposing deep divisions within the party leadership.[14] By May, a student-led hunger strike galvanized support around the country for the demonstrators, and the protests spread to some 400 cities.[15] Among the CCP's top leadership, Premier Li Peng and Party Elders Li Xiannian and Wang Zhen called for decisive action through violent suppression of the protesters, and ultimately managed to win over Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping and President Yang Shangkun to their side.[16][17][18] On 20 May, the State Council declared martial law. It mobilized as many as 300,000 troops to Beijing.[15] The troops advanced into central parts of Beijing on the city's major thoroughfares in the early morning hours of 4 June, killing both demonstrators and bystanders in the process. The military operations were under the overall command of General Yang Baibing, half-brother of President Yang Shangkun.[19]
The international community, human rights organizations, and political analysts condemned the Chinese government for the massacre. Western countries imposed arms embargoes on China in response to the crackdown.[20] The Chinese government made widespread arrests of protesters and their supporters, suppressed other protests around China, expelled foreign journalists, strictly controlled coverage of the events in the domestic press, strengthened the police and internal security forces, and demoted or purged officials it deemed sympathetic to the protests.[21] More broadly, the suppression ended the political reforms began in 1986 and halted the policies of liberalization of the 1980s, which were only partly resumed after Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour in 1992.[22][23][24] Considered a watershed event, reaction to the protests set limits on political expression in China that have lasted up to the present day.[25] Remembering the protests is widely associated with questioning the legitimacy of the CCP and remains one of the most sensitive and most widely censored topics in China.[26][27]
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External links[]
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- "Assignment: China – Tiananmen Square – US-China Institute". china.usc.edu. Includes footage of the shutting down of CNN, and interviews with Al Pessin (VOA) and John Pomfret (AP), both of whom were expelled soon after the protests.
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- ↑ Sonnad, Nikhil (3 June 2019). "261 ways to refer to the Tiananmen Square massacre in China". Quartz. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ↑ Su, Alice (24 June 2021). "He tried to commemorate erased history. China detained him, then erased that too". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ↑ How Many Died 1990.
- ↑ Sino-American relations 1991, p. 445.
- ↑ Brook 1998, p. 154.
- ↑ Kristof: Reassessing Casualties.
- ↑ Richelson & Evans 1999.
- ↑ Calls for Justice 2004.
- ↑ Brook 1998, p. 216.
- ↑ Lim 2014a, pp. 34–35.
- ↑ Nathan 2001.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lin, Chun (2006). The transformation of Chinese socialism. Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0822337850. OCLC 63178961.
- ↑ D. Zhao 2001, p. 171.
- ↑ Saich 1990, p. 172.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Thomas 2006.
- ↑ The Tiananmen Papers, edited by Andrew J. Nathan and Perry Link, compiled by Zhang Liang, pp. 468–477, Abacus, 2002
- ↑ Miles 2009.
- ↑ Declassified British cable.
- ↑ Gen. Yang Baibing Dies at 93; Led Tiananmen Crackdown, The New York Times, 17 January 2013
- ↑ Dube 2014.
- ↑ Miles 1997, p. 28.
- ↑ "Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour" (PDF). Berkshire Publishing Group LLC. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017.
- ↑ Ma, Damien (23 January 2012). "After 20 Years of 'Peaceful Evolution,' China Faces Another Historic Moment". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ↑ "The inside story of the propaganda fightback for Deng's reforms". South China Morning Post. 14 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ↑ Bodeen, Christopher (3 June 2019). "Prosperity, repression mark China 30 years after Tiananmen". AP News. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
- ↑ Nathan 2009.
- ↑ Goodman 1994, p. 112.
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