The Sound of Silence



"The Sound of Silence", originally "The Sounds of Silence", is a song by the American music duo Simon & Garfunkel. The song was written by Paul Simon over a period of several months in 1963 and 1964. A studio audition led to the duo signing a record deal with Columbia Records, and the song was recorded in March 1964 at Columbia Studios in New York City for inclusion on their debut album, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M..

Released in October 1964, the album was a commercial failure and led to the duo breaking apart, with Paul Simon returning to England and Art Garfunkel to his studies at Columbia University. In spring 1965, the song began to attract airplay at radio stations in Boston, Massachusetts, and throughout Florida. The growing airplay led Tom Wilson, the song's producer, to remix the track, overdubbing electric instrumentation with the same musicians who backed Bob Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone". Simon & Garfunkel were not informed of the song's remix until after its release. The single was released in September 1965.

The song hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending January 1, 1966, leading the duo to reunite and hastily record their second album, which Columbia titled Sounds of Silence in an attempt to capitalize on the song's success. The song was a top-ten hit in multiple countries worldwide, among them Australia, Austria, West Germany, Ireland, Japan and the Netherlands. Generally considered a classic folk rock song, the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important" in 2013 along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album.

Originally titled "The Sounds of Silence" on Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M., the song was re-titled for later compilations beginning with Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits.

Origin and original recording
Simon and Garfunkel became interested in folk music and the growing counterculture movement separately in the early 1960s. Having performed together previously under the name Tom and Jerry in the late 1950s, their partnership had since dissolved when they began attending college. In 1963, they regrouped and began performing Simon's original compositions locally in Queens. They billed themselves "Kane & Garr", after old recording pseudonyms, and signed up for Gerde's Folk City, a Greenwich Village club that hosted Monday night performances. In September 1963, the duo performed three new songs, among them "The Sound of Silence", getting the attention of Columbia Records producer Tom Wilson, who worked with Bob Dylan. Simon convinced Wilson to let him and his partner have a studio audition, where a performance of "The Sound of Silence" got the duo signed to Columbia.

The song's origin and basis remains unclear, with multiple answers coming forward over the years. Many believe that the song commented on the John F. Kennedy assassination, as the song was released three months after the assassination. Simon stated unambiguously in interviews however, "I wrote The Sound of Silence when I was 21 years old", which places the timeframe firmly prior to the JFK tragedy, with Simon also explaining that the song was written in his bathroom, where he turned off the lights to better concentrate. "The main thing about playing the guitar, though, was that I was able to sit by myself and play and dream. And I was always happy doing that. I used to go off in the bathroom, because the bathroom had tiles, so it was a slight echo chamber. I'd turn on the faucet so that water would run (I like that sound, it's very soothing to me) and I'd play. In the dark. 'Hello darkness, my old friend / I've come to talk with you again'." In a more recent interview, Simon was directly asked, "How is a 21 year old person thinkin' about the words in that song?" His reply was, "I have no idea." According to Garfunkel, Simon originally wrote the lyric as "Aloha darkness, my old friend." Garfunkel once summed up the song's meaning as "the inability of people to communicate with each other, not particularly internationally but especially emotionally, so what you see around you are people unable to love each other."

To promote the release of their debut album, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M., the duo performed again at Folk City, as well as two shows at the Gaslight Café, which went over poorly. Dave Van Ronk, a folk singer, was at the performances, and noted that several in the audience regarded their music as a joke. Sounds of Silence' actually became a running joke: for a while there, it was only necessary to start singing 'Hello darkness, my old friend...' and everybody would crack up." Wednesday Morning, 3 AM sold only 3,000 copies upon its October release, and its dismal sales led Simon to move to London, England. While there, he recorded a solo album, The Paul Simon Songbook (1965), which features a rendition of the song, titled "The Sounds of Silence".

The original version of the song follows a simple I - IV - V chord progression with the added VI, which functions as the I chord in certain places. The song is in D# natural minor, so the chord structure is roughly as follows: vi – D#min (minor sixth), V = C# (Dominant fifth), IV = B (Major fourth), I = F# (Major first/tonic). This can be easily played with a capo on the sixth fret, following Am, G, F and C chords. The vocal span goes from C4 to F5 in the song.

Remix
Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M. had been a commercial failure before producer Tom Wilson was alerted that radio stations had begun to play "The Sound of Silence" in spring 1965. A late-night disc jockey at WBZ in Boston began to spin "The Sound of Silence" overnight, where it found a college demographic. Students at Harvard and Tufts University responded well, and the song made its way down the East Coast pretty much "overnight", "all the way to Cocoa Beach, Florida, where it caught the students coming down for spring break." A promotional executive for Columbia went to give away free albums of new artists, and beach-goers only were interested in the artists behind "The Sound of Silence". He phoned the home office in New York, alerting them of its appeal. An alternate version of the story states that Wilson attended Columbia's July 1965 convention in Miami, where the head of the local sales branch raved about the song's airplay.

Folk rock was beginning to make waves on pop radio, with Bob Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone" and the Byrds' "Mr. Tambourine Man" (also a Dylan song) charting high. Wilson listened to the song several times, considering it too soft for a wide release. Afterwards, he turned on the Byrds' "Turn! Turn! Turn!", which gave him the idea to remix the song, overdubbing rock instrumentation. He employed the same musicians Dylan worked with on "Like a Rolling Stone": Al Gorgoni (and Vinnie Bell) on guitar, Bob Bushnell on bass, and Bobby Gregg on drums (Wilson intentionally left off Simon's friend Al Kooper, who was too closely identified by Dylan's sound). The tempo on the original recording was uneven, making it difficult for the musicians to keep the song in time. Engineer Roy Halee employed a heavy echo on the remix, which was a common trait of the Byrds' hits. The single was first serviced to college FM rock stations, and a commercial single release followed on September 13, 1965. The lack of consultation with Simon and Garfunkel on Wilson's remix was because, although still contracted to Columbia Records at the time, the musical duo at that time was no longer a "working entity".

In the fall of 1965, Simon was in Denmark, performing at small clubs, and picked up a copy of Billboard, as he had routinely done for several years. Upon seeing "The Sounds of Silence" in the Billboard Hot 100, he bought a copy of Cashbox and saw the same thing. Several days later, Garfunkel excitedly called Simon to inform him of the single's growing success. A copy of the 7" single arrived in the mail the next day, and according to friend Al Stewart, "[Paul] was horrified when he first heard it ... [when the] rhythm section slowed down at one point so that Paul and Artie's voices could catch up." Garfunkel was far less concerned about the remix, feeling conditioned to the process of trying to create a hit single: "It's interesting. I suppose it might do something. It might sell," he told Wilson.

Chart performance
"The Sound of Silence" first broke in Boston, where it became one of the top-selling singles in early November 1965; it spread to Miami and Washington, D.C. two weeks later, reaching number one in Boston and debuting on the Billboard Hot 100.

Throughout the month of January 1966 "The Sound of Silence" had a one-on-one battle with The Beatles' "We Can Work It Out" for the #1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100. The former was #1 for the weeks of January 1 and 22 and #2 for the intervening two weeks. The latter held the top spot for the weeks of January 8, 15, and 29, and was #2 for the two weeks that "The Sound of Silence" was #1. Overall, "The Sound of Silence" spent 14 weeks on the Billboard chart.

In the wake of the song's success, Simon promptly returned to the United States to record a new Simon & Garfunkel album at Columbia's request. He later described his experiences learning the song went to No. 1, a story he repeated in numerous interviews:

"I had come back to New York, and I was staying in my old room at my parents' house. Artie was living at his parents' house, too. I remember Artie and I were sitting there in my car one night, parked on a street in Queens, and the announcer [on the radio] said, "Number one, Simon & Garfunkel." And Artie said to me, "That Simon & Garfunkel, they must be having a great time." Because there we were on a street corner [in my car in] Queens, smoking a joint. We didn't know what to do with ourselves."

For his part, Garfunkel had a different memory of the song's success: "We were in L.A. Our manager called us at the hotel we were staying at. We were both in the same room. We must have bunked in the same room in those days. I picked up the phone. He said, 'Well, congratulations. Next week you will go from five to one in Billboard.' It was fun. I remember pulling open the curtains and letting the brilliant sun come into this very red room, and then ordering room service. That was good.""

Reception
In 1999, BMI named "The Sound of Silence" as the 18th most-performed song of the 20th century. In 2004, it was ranked No. 157 on Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, one of the duo's three songs on the list. The song is now considered "the quintessential folk rock release".

On March 21, 2013, the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for long-term preservation along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album.

In popular culture
When director Mike Nichols and Sam O'Steen were editing the 1967 film The Graduate, they initially timed some scenes to this song intending to substitute original music for the scenes. However, they eventually concluded that the song could not be adequately substituted and decided to purchase the rights for the song for the soundtrack. This was an unusual decision for the time, as the song had charted over a year earlier and recycling established music for film was not commonly done. With the practice of using well-known songs for films becoming commonplace, "The Sound of Silence" has since been used for other films, such as Kingpin (1996), Old School (2003), Bobby (2006) and Watchmen (2009). In the German TV movie Ein Drilling Kommt Selten Allein the song was sung by grandparents to calm down crying triplets. It appeared on the fourth season of the television series Arrested Development in 2013 as a running gag of characters' inner reflections.

In the Rush song "The Spirit of Radio", the final lines are a satirical homage to the final lines of "The Sound of Silence": "For the words of the profits were written on the studio wall".

The song was further popularized by the "Sad Affleck" internet meme, which depicts Ben Affleck's reaction towards the negative reviews of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.

Disturbed version
A rock cover version was released by American heavy metal band Disturbed on December 7, 2015. A music video was released on December 7, 2015. Their cover hit number one on the Billboard Hard Rock Digital Songs and Mainstream Rock charts, and is their highest-charting song on the Hot 100, peaking at number 42. It is also their highest-charting single in Australia, peaking at number 4. Their version appeared in the trailer for Gears of War 4.

Contrary to the original version, David Draiman sings it almost an octave lower, in the key of F#m. The chord progression is F#m, E, D, A. His vocal span goes from E2 to A4 in scientific pitch notation.

In April 2016, Paul Simon endorsed the cover. Additionally, on April 1, Simon sent lead vocalist David Draiman an email praising Disturbed's performance of the rendition on late-night talk show Conan. Simon stated, “Really powerful performance on Conan the other day. First time I’d seen you do it live. Nice. Thanks.” Draiman responded, “Mr. Simon, I am honored beyond words. We only hoped to pay homage and honor to the brilliance of one of the greatest songwriters of all time. Your compliment means the world to me/ us and we are eternally grateful.”. As of June 2016, the single had sold over 1,000,000 digital downloads, and had been streamed over 54 million times, estimated Nielsen Music. The music video has over 100 million views on YouTube. On September 27, 2016, the cover was added to Rock Band 4 as downloadable content.

Other cover versions

 * Dutch singer Boudewijn de Groot included a Dutch translation of the song ("Het geluid van stilte") on his self-titled 1965 debut album.
 * In 1966, Spanish rock band Los Mustang recorded a Spanish-language cover of the song, entitled "El Ritmo Del Silencio".
 * Irish trio The Bachelors had a top 10 hit in Ireland (#9) and the UK (#3) with the song in 1966.
 * In 1966, South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela included the song to his album Hugh Masekela's Next Album.
 * In 1967, Jamaican reggae bands The Soul Vendors and The Gaylads recorded a cover of the song.
 * Mercy released a version of the song on their 1969 album, Love Can Make You Happy.
 * Swedish singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad recorded a Swedish-language cover of the song, entitled "En ton av tystnad", which was featured on her 1971 debut album, Frida.
 * Serbian and former Yugoslav acoustic music duo Vlada i Bajka recorded a Serbian language version of the song, "Zvuk tišine", released on a single in 1971.
 * Israeli duo The Parvarim recorded a Hebrew-language version on their 1972 LP The Parvarim Sing Simon & Garfunkel. The lyric was translated by Ehud Manor.
 * Los Angeles punk band The Dickies recorded a cover of the song, released on a single in 1978.
 * French singer Gérard Lenorman in his 1981 album D'amour, featured a rewritten lyrics of this song, and he named it "Chanson d'innocence".
 * In 1986, Stanley Jordan recorded an instrumental version on his Standards, Vol. 1 album.
 * In the late 1980s, The Fools often covered "The Sound of Silence" at their live performances. One such performance was released on the band's 1987 live album Wake Up... It's Alive!!!. The album was re-released with more tracks in 1993 as Wake Up... It's Alive!!! (Again).
 * American heavy metal band Heir Apparent covered "The Sound of Silence" 1989 album One Small Voice.
 * In 1990, Brazilian singers Leandro e Leonardo covered "The Sound of Silence", re-written as the love song "É Por Você que Canto" ("It is For You That I Sing"). This version has since been re-covered by other groups.
 * In 1996, Filipino singer Regine Velasquez interpolated the song as a "Prologue" and an "Epilogue" for her album Retro.
 * In 1996, Icelandic singer Emilíana Torrini covered "The Sound of Silence".
 * In 1997, South African metal band The Awakening covered "The Sound of Silence" on their debut album Risen. Another version was recorded for their 2014 compilation album Anthology XV.
 * In 1999, Gregorian covered "The Sound of Silence" on their album Masters of Chant.
 * In 2000, Atrocity covered "The Sound of Silence" on their EP Sounds of Silence.
 * In 2000, Nevermore covered "The Sound of Silence" on their album Dead Heart in a Dead World.
 * In 2005, Italian singer Andrea Parodi, together with American guitarist Al Di Meola, covered the song, writing new lyrics in Sardinian language and renaming it Deo ti Gheria Maria (The Sound of Silence). This version is featured in his live album Midsummer Night in Sardinia.
 * Italian classical singer Michéal Castaldo recorded an Italian version of this song on his 2010 album Aceto.
 * In 2007, rock duo Shaw Blades covered "The Sound of Silence" on their second album, Influence.
 * In 2007, New Zealand singer Brooke Fraser, released a live cover version on the deluxe edition of her album Albertine.
 * In 2008, the band Ascension of the Watchers covered "The Sound of Silence" on their album Numinosum.
 * In 2009, Bananarama covered "The Sound of Silence" on their tenth album Viva as an iTunes bonus track.
 * In 2010, Polish singer Ania Dąbrowska covered "The Sound of Silence" on her album "Ania Movie"
 * In 2010, Sharleen Spiteri covered "The Sound of Silence" on her album The Movie Songbook.
 * In 2011, the band Bobaflex covered "The Sound of Silence" on their album Hell in my Heart.
 * In 2011, Phil and Tim Hanseroth covered "The Sound of Silence" on Brandi Carlile's album Live at Benaroya Hall with the Seattle Symphony.
 * In 2011 Kina Grannis covered "The Sound of Silence" on the deluxe edition of her album Stairwells.
 * In 2011, jazz guitarist Pat Metheny opened on his Grammy Award-winning solo cover album What It's All About with "The Sound of Silence".
 * Two of Celtic Thunder's principal singers Keith Harkin and Colm Keegan covered the song for their 2013 album Mythology
 * In 2013, husband-wife duo Jenny & Tyler recorded the song as a part of their cover album For Freedom, the proceeds of which they designated for the International Justice Mission.
 * In 2015, Allison covered "The Sound of Silence" for the soundtrack in the 2015 French television series L'Emprise. The song charted on the official French Singles Chart, the SNEP.
 * In 2015, James Blake covered "The Sound of Silence" and released the track on his official YouTube channel.
 * The American Metal band Disturbed released a cover as part of their album Immortalized.
 * British musician Passenger regularly plays the song live following his own song "Riding To New York".
 * In 2016, American Idol finalist Dalton Rapattoni covered the song on Top 5 night.