Private Dancer



Private Dancer is the fifth solo studio album by Tina Turner. Marking her debut with the record company, it was released by Capitol Records in May 1984. Recording sessions for the album took place at several studios in England and was overseen by four different production teams, including Rupert Hine, and Martyn Ware and Ian Craig Marsh of Heaven 17. A radical departure from the rhythm and blues sound Turner had performed with her former husband and performing partner Ike Turner, the tracks in the album are a mixture of uptempos and ballads, which are basically inspired by pop and rock genres; it also features elements of smooth jazz and R&B.

After several challenging years of going solo after divorcing Ike, Private Dancer propelled Turner in becoming a viable solo star, as well as one of the most marketable crossover singers in the recording industry. It became a worldwide commercial success, earning multi-platinum certifications in Australia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. To date, it remains her best-selling album in North America. Private Dancer produced seven singles, including "What's Love Got to Do with It", "Better Be Good to Me", "Private Dancer", and "Let's Stay Together". Positively received by critics on release for Turner's ability to give energy and raw emotion to slickly produced professional pop/rock songs; its long term legacy is that the softening of her raw Southern soul style produced a "landmark" in the "evolution of pop-soul music". The album was promoted throughout 1985 in a 177 date worldwide tour called the Private Dancer Tour.

Background and production
A&R man John Carter of Capitol Records is credited with relaunching the career of Tina Turner in the 1980s. In 1983, despite opposition from within Capitol, he signed her and managed her first album for the label, Private Dancer. The album itself was produced in England using several different producers.

"Let's Stay Together" was produced by Martyn Ware and Ian Craig Marsh of British band Heaven 17. Terry Britten produced the reggae-tinged "What's Love Got to Do with It". Rupert Hine produced "Better Be Good to Me", which had been written by Holly Knight, Mike Chapman, and Nicky Chinn, and most of the other songs. John Carter produced "Private Dancer", which was written by Mark Knopfler and has a guitar solo by Jeff Beck. "Ball of Confusion", a cover of The Temptations song which was Turner's first collaboration with the B.E.F. (British Electric Foundation)/Heaven 17 production team and part of their collaborative 1982 album Music of Quality and Distinction Volume One was not included on the Private Dancer album. A recording of Sam Cooke's "A Change Is Gonna Come" from the same sessions would re-appear in remixed form on B.E.F.'s Music of Quality and Distinction Volume Two in 1991. "Help!" was recorded with The Crusaders.

Release
The album was released on 29 May 1984 and became an outstanding commercial success. Private Dancer has been certified 5 × Platinum (5 million ) in the United States and sold around 250,000 copies each week for two months. Worldwide the album has been estimated to have sold over 20 million copies.

The album produced a number of highly successful singles including "What's Love Got to Do with It" which went to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and stayed there for three weeks. At the 1985 Grammy Awards, Private Dancer won four of the six awards for which it was nominated. No less than seven of the album's ten tracks (nine in the U.S.) were released as singles: "Let's Stay Together", which was a UK Top 10 hit and a US Top 30 hit; "Help!"; "What's Love Got to Do with It"; "Better Be Good to Me"; "Private Dancer"; "I Can't Stand the Rain" and "Show Some Respect" (1985).

In 1997, EMI, the parent label of Capitol Records, released a digitally remastered Centenary Edition of the Private Dancer album on CD, then including four additional demo tracks recorded in late 1983 and early 1984 with the producer John Carter, first released as B-sides to some of the Private Dancer singles, as well as three extended 12" remixes. The album remains the only Tina Turner studio album to have been re-issued in digitally remastered form.

Critical reception
The critical reviews of the album were positive. The Los Angeles Times reviewer felt that her voice "melts vinyl". Debby Miller, in a July 1984 Rolling Stone review, felt that the album was a powerful comeback, with Turner's voice "rasping but strong", and a range of songs that were all good in a "modern rock setting" that was "neither detached nor very fussy". Robert Christgau felt that she was able to deliver with honesty the "middlebrow angst of contemporary professional songwriting" and remain in control of an album with four different production teams to give it a "seamless authority".

Tour
A 177 date tour to promote the album took place from February 8, 1985 to December 28, 1985. Called the Private Dancer Tour, there were 60 shows in Europe, 105 in North America, 10 in Australia, and 2 in Japan. Opening acts in North America included Glenn Frey and Mr. Mister. As well as songs from the album, Turner performed hits from her time with Ike & Tina, such as "River Deep – Mountain High", "Nutbush City Limits", and "Proud Mary".

Legacy
Alex Henderson, in a retrospective AllMusic review, says that the album was slicker than her R&B classics recorded with Ike & Tina, but she was still able to sing with a throaty passion to deliver her finest solo production. Stephen Holden has written in The New York Times that by using her English producers to soften her raw Southern soul style, discarding the "blaring horns, frenzied percussion and gospel calls and responses", the album became a "landmark" in the "evolution of pop-soul music".

Michael Lydon, in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, says that the album's lyrical themes embodied her persona of a "tough, sexy woman schooled in a tough world", and that her vocal delivery overcomes the slick production, with her "indomitable soul" unifying the multiple producers. In 1989, the album was ranked #46 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 100 Greatest Albums of the '80s. In 2003, the TV network VH1 named Private Dancer the 95th greatest album of all time. Slant Magazine listed the album at #63 on its list of "Best Albums of the 1980s" saying "Both a personal liberation and sonic redemption, Private Dancer established Turner not only as a genuine diva, but a bona fide force of nature".

Original US vinyl/cassette edition
Side one
 * 1) "I Might Have Been Queen" (Hine, Obstoj) – 4:10
 * 2) "What's Love Got to Do with It" (Britten, Lyle) – 3:49
 * 3) "Show Some Respect" (Britten, Shifrin) – 3:18
 * 4) "I Can't Stand the Rain" (Bryant, Miller, Peebles) – 3:41
 * 5) "Better Be Good to Me" (Chapman, Chinn, Knight) – 5:10

Side two
 * 1) "Let's Stay Together" (Green, Jackson, Mitchell) – 5:16
 * 2) "1984" (Bowie) – 3:09
 * 3) "Steel Claw" (Brady) – 3:48
 * 4) "Private Dancer" (Knopfler) – 7:11

Personnel
Musicians


 * Tina Turner – lead vocals (all tracks), background vocals (1, 7, 8)
 * Gary Barnacle – saxophone (6)
 * Jeff Beck – guitar solo (5, 8)
 * Terry Britten – guitar (2, 3, 4), background vocals (2, 3)
 * Graham Broad – drums (4)
 * Alex Brown – background vocals (9)
 * John Carter – percussion (5)
 * Leon "Ndugu" Chancler – drums (9)
 * Alan Clark – keyboards (5, 8)
 * Mel Collins – saxophone (5)
 * David Cullen – string arrangements (10)
 * Cy Curnin – background vocals (1, 7)
 * Jullian Diggle – percussion (5)
 * David Ervin – synthesizer programming (9)
 * Gwen Evans – background vocals (9)
 * Charles Fearing – guitar (9)
 * Wilton Felder – bass (9), saxophone (9)
 * Nick Glennie-Smith – keyboards (2, 3, 4)
 * Glenn Gregory – background vocals (6, 10)
 * Rupert Hine – bass (1, 7), keyboards (1, 7), percussion programming (1, 7), background vocals (1, 7)
 * Graham Jarvis – drums (2, 3)
 * John Illsley – bass (5, 8)
 * Hal Lindes – guitar (5, 8)
 * Billy Livsey – keyboards (2, 3)
 * Trevor Morais – drums (1, 7)
 * Simon Morton – percussion (2)
 * Tessa Niles – background vocals (2, 3)
 * Frank Ricotti – percussion (6)
 * Ray Russell – guitar (6)
 * Joe Sample – synthesizer & piano (9)
 * David T. Walker – guitar (9)
 * Martyn Ware – LinnDrum programming (6, 10), arrangements (6, 10), background vocals (6, 10)
 * Greg Walsh – Fairlight CMI programming (6, 10), arrangements (6, 10)
 * Jamie West-Oram – guitar (1, 7)
 * Jessica Williams – background vocals (9)
 * Terry Williams – drums (5, 8)
 * Nick Plytas – piano & synthesizer (6, 10)
 * Richie Zito – guitar (8)

Production


 * Terry Britten – producer (2, 3, 4)
 * John Carter – producer (5, 8)
 * Leon "Ndugu" Chancler – producer (9)
 * Wilton Felder – producer (9)
 * Rupert Hine – producer (1, 7)
 * Joe Sample – producer (9)
 * Greg Walsh – producer & engineer (6, 10)
 * Martyn Ware – producer (6, 10)
 * F. Byron Clark – engineer (9)
 * John Hudson – engineer & mixing (2, 3, 4)
 * Walter Samuel – engineer (6, 10)
 * Stephen W. Tayler – engineer & mixing (1, 5, 7, 8)
 * Humberto Gatica – remixing (5, 8)
 * Alan Yoshida – mastering
 * Akira Taguchi – compilation producer
 * Sam Gay – creative director
 * Roy Kohara – art direction
 * John O'Brien – design
 * Peter Ashworth – photography
 * Roger Davies – management
 * Chip Lightman – management