Animals (Pink Floyd album)

Animals is the tenth studio album by English progressive rock group Pink Floyd, released in January 1977. A concept album, it provides a scathing critique of the social-political conditions of late 1970s Britain, and presents a marked change in musical style from their earlier work. Animals was recorded at the band's studio, Britannia Row, in London, but its production was punctuated by the early signs of discord that three years later would culminate in keyboardist Richard Wright leaving the band. The album's cover image, a pig floating between two chimneys on Battersea Power Station, was conceived by bassist and writer Roger Waters, and photographed by long-time collaborators Hipgnosis.

The album was released to generally positive reviews in the United Kingdom, where it reached number 2. It was also a success in the United States, reaching number 3 on the Billboard 200, and although it scored on the American charts for only six months, steady sales have resulted in its certification by the RIAA at four times platinum. The size of the venues on the band's In the Flesh Tour, and an incident in which Waters spat at a fan, prompted him to conceive the band's subsequent album, The Wall.

Contents 1 Recording 2 Concept 3 Packaging 4 Release 4.1 Reissues 4.2 Tour 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Charts 7.2 Certifications 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

Recording
In 1975 Pink Floyd bought a three-storey block of church halls at 35 Britannia Row in Islington, north London. Their deal with record company EMI, for unlimited studio time in return for a reduced percentage of sales, had expired, and they converted the building into a recording studio and storage facility. Its construction took up most of 1975, and in April 1976 the band started work on their tenth studio album, Animals, at the new facility.[2][3]

Animals was engineered by a previous Floyd collaborator, Brian Humphries,[2] and recording took place at Britannia Row from April to December 1976, continuing into early 1977.[4] "Raving and Drooling" and "You've Got to Be Crazy", two songs previously performed live and considered for Wish You Were Here, reappeared as "Sheep" and "Dogs" respectively.[2] They were reworked to fit the new concept, and separated by a Waters-penned composition, "Pigs (Three Different Ones)". With the exception of "Dogs" (co-written by Gilmour) the album's five tracks were written by Waters. The song contains references to Waters' private life; his new romantic interest was Carolyne Anne Christie (married to Rock Scully, manager of the Grateful Dead).[5] Gilmour was distracted by the birth of his first child, and contributed little else towards the album. Similarly, neither Mason nor Wright contributed as much as they had on previous albums, and Animals was the first Pink Floyd album not to contain a composer's credit for Wright.[6]

Roger's thing is to dominate, but I am happy to stand up for myself and argue vociferously as to the merits of different pieces of music, which is what I did on Animals. I didn't feel remotely squeezed out of that album. Ninety per cent of the song "Dogs" was mine. That song was almost the whole of one side, so that's half of Animals.

“

”

– David Gilmour, Mojo (2008)[7]

The band had discussed employing another guitarist for future tours, and Snowy White was therefore invited into the studio. When Waters and Mason inadvertently erased one of Gilmour's completed guitar solos, White was asked to record a solo on "Pigs on the Wing". Although his performance was omitted from the vinyl release, it was included on the eight-track cartridge version. White later performed on the Animals tour.[2] Mason recalled that he enjoyed working on Animals more than he had working on Wish You Were Here.[8]

Concept
Loosely based on George Orwell's political fable Animal Farm, the album's lyrics describe various classes in society as different kinds of animals: the combative dogs, despotic ruthless pigs, and the "mindless and unquestioning herd" of sheep.[9] Whereas the novella focuses on Stalinism, the album is a critique of capitalism and differs again in that the sheep eventually rise up to overpower the dogs.[9][10] The album was developed from a collection of unrelated songs into a concept which, in the words of author Glenn Povey, "described the apparent social and moral decay of society, likening the human condition to that of mere animals".[11]

Apart from its critique of society, the album is also a part-response to the punk rock movement,[12] which grew in popularity as a nihilistic statement against the prevailing social and political conditions, and also a reaction to the general complacency and nostalgia that appeared to surround rock music. Pink Floyd were an obvious target for punk musicians, notably Johnny Rotten of The Sex Pistols, who wore a Pink Floyd T-shirt on which the words "I hate" had been written in ink; Lydon, however, has constantly said it was done for a laugh (he was a fan of several progressive rock bands of the era, including Magma and Van Der Graaf Generator). Drummer Nick Mason later stated that he welcomed the "Punk Rock insurrection" and viewed it as a welcome return to the underground scene from which Pink Floyd had grown. In 1977 he produced The Damned's second album, Music for Pleasure, at Britannia Row.[13]

"Pigs (Three Different Ones)"

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The "Pigs" on Animals represent the people whom Waters viewed as being at the top of the social ladder

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In his 2008 book Comfortably Numb, author Mark Blake argues that "Dogs" contains some of David Gilmour's finest work; although the guitarist sings only one lead vocal, his performance is "explosive".[14] The song also contains notable contributions from keyboardist Richard Wright, which echo the funereal synthesizer sounds used on the band's previous album, Wish You Were Here. "Pigs (Three Different Ones)" is audibly similar to "Have a Cigar", with bluesy guitar fills and elaborate bass lines. Of the song's three pigs, the only one directly identified is morality campaigner Mary Whitehouse, who amongst other things is described as a "house-proud town mouse".[15] "Sheep" contains a modified version of Psalm 23, which continues the traditional "The Lord is my shepherd" with words like "he maketh me to hang on hooks in high places and converteth me to lamb cutlets" (referring to the sheep of the title). Towards the end of the song, the eponymous sheep rise up and kill the dogs, but later retire back to their homes. The album is book-ended by each half of "Pigs on the Wing", a simple love song in which a glimmer of hope is offered despite the anger expressed in the album's three other songs. Described by author Andy Mabbett as "[sitting] in stark contrast to the heavyweight material between them",[16] the two halves of the song were heavily influenced by Waters' relationship with his then-wife.[15][17]

Packaging
See also: Pink Floyd pigs

Photo of a large building with four tall chimneys.

Battersea Power Station is the subject for the album's cover image. Once the album was complete, work began on its cover. Hipgnosis, designer of the band's previous album covers, offered three ideas, one of which was a small child entering his parents' bedroom to find them having sex: "copulating, like animals!"[18] The final concept was, unusually, designed by Waters. At the time he lived near Clapham Common, and regularly drove past Battersea Power Station, which was by then approaching the end of its useful life. A view of the building was chosen for the cover image, and the band commissioned German company Ballon Fabrik (who had previously constructed Zeppelin airships)[19] and Australian artist Jeffrey Shaw[20] to build a 30 feet (9.1 m) porcine balloon (known as Algie). The balloon was inflated with helium and maneuvered into position on 2 December 1976, with a marksman ready to fire if it escaped. Unfortunately inclement weather delayed work, and the band's manager Steve O'Rourke neglected to book the marksman for a second day; the balloon broke free of its moorings and disappeared from view. It eventually landed in Kent and was recovered by a local farmer, who was apparently furious that it had "scared his cows".[21] The balloon was recovered and filming continued for a third day, but as the early photographs of the power station were considered better, the image of the pig was later superimposed onto one of those.[21][22]

During the "Isles of Wonder" short film shot by Danny Boyle and shown as part of the Opening Ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the camera zooms down the length of the River Thames, from a small spring in the countryside all the way to the Olympic venue. During the fly-by, a pig can be seen floating above Battersea Power Station.[23]

The album's theme continues onto the record's picture labels. Side one's label shows a fisheye lens view of a dog and the English countryside, and side two features a pig and sheep, in the same setting. Mason's handwriting is used as a typeface throughout the packaging. The gatefold features monochrome photographs of the dereliction around the power station.

Release
Professional ratings

Retrospective reviews

Review scores

Source

Rating

AllMusic 4/5 stars[24] The Daily Telegraph 3/5 stars[25] Encyclopedia of Popular Music 4/5 stars[26] The Great Rock Discography 8/10[27] MusicHound 3/5[28] Pitchfork Media 10/10[29] PopMatters 9/10[30] The Rolling Stone Album Guide 2/5 stars[31]

Animals was a slog. It wasn't a fun record to make, but this was when Roger really started to believe that he was the sole writer for the band. He believed that it was only because of him that the band was still going, and obviously, when he started to develop his ego trips, the person he would have his conflicts with would be me.

“

”

–Richard Wright[14]

The album's release followed Capital Radio's broadcast two days earlier of The Pink Floyd Story, and an evening press conference held at the power station two days before that.[4] The broadcast was originally to have been an exclusive for the London-based station, who since mid-December had been broadcasting The Pink Floyd Story, but a copy was given to John Peel, who played side one of the album in its entirety a day earlier.[4][21]

Animals was released in the UK on 23 January 1977,[21][nb 1] and in the US on 12 February. It reached number two in the UK, and three in the US.[32] Thanks to the album and the band's back catalogue, noted The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums, "Pink Floyd bested Abba for most weeks on chart (in 1977), 108 to 106."[33]

NME called Animals "one of the most extreme, relentless, harrowing and downright iconoclastic hunks of music to have been made available this side of the sun",[34] and Melody Maker's Karl Dallas described it as "[an] uncomfortable taste of reality in a medium that has become in recent years, increasingly soporific".[34] Rolling Stone's Frank Rose was unimpressed, writing: "The 1977 Floyd has turned bitter and morose. They complain about the duplicity of human behavior (and then title their songs after animals – get it?). They sound like they've just discovered this – their message has become pointless and tedious."[35] Robert Christgau of The Village Voice gave the album a "B+" rating and found the negative reaction overly cynical, reasoning that the album functions simply as "a piece of well-constructed political program music ... lyrical, ugly, and rousing, all in the right places".[36]

In his 2004 autobiography Inside Out, Nick Mason suggests that the album's perceived harshness, when compared to previous Floyd releases, may be a result of a "workman-like mood in the studio", and an unconscious reaction to the accusations from the aforementioned punk genre that bands like Pink Floyd represented "dinosaur rock".[37] Animals was certified by the RIAA as 4× Platinum on 31 January 1995.[38]

Reissues

Originally released on Harvest Records in the UK and Columbia Records in the US, Animals was issued on Compact Disc (CD) in 1985,[nb 2] and in the US in 1987.[nb 3] It was reissued as a digitally remastered CD with new artwork in 1994,[nb 4] and as a digitally remastered limited-edition vinyl album in 1997.[nb 5] An anniversary edition was released in the US in the same year,[nb 6] followed in 2000 by a reissue from Capitol Records.[nb 7][32] The album was also included in the Shine On box set.

Tour

The album became the subject material for the band's In the Flesh Tour, which began in Dortmund on the same day the album was released. The tour continued through continental Europe in February, the UK in March, the US for three weeks in April and May, and another three weeks in the US in June and July. Algie became the inspiration for a number of pig themes used throughout. An inflatable pig was floated over the audience, and during each performance was replaced with a cheaper, but explosive version. On one occasion the mild propane gas was replaced with an oxygen-acetylene mixture, producing a massive (and dangerous) explosion. German promoter Marcel Avram presented the band with a piglet in Munich, only for it to leave a trail of broken mirrors and excrement across its mirrored hotel room, leaving manager O'Rourke to deal with the resulting fallout.[39]

The band were joined by familiar figures such as Dick Parry and Snowy White,[40] but relations within the band became fraught. Waters took to arriving at the venues alone, departing as soon as each performance was over. On one occasion, Wright flew back to England, threatening to leave the band. The size of the venues was also an issue; in Chicago, the promoters claimed to have sold out the 67,000 person regular capacity of the Soldier Field stadium (after which ticket sales should have been ended), but Waters and O'Rourke were suspicious. They hired a helicopter, photographer and attorney, and discovered that the actual attendance was 95,000; a shortfall to the band of $640,000.[41] The end of the tour was a low point for Gilmour, who felt that they had by now achieved the success they originally sought, and that there was nothing else they could look forward to.[42] In July 1977 – on the final date at the Montreal Olympic Stadium – a small group of noisy and excited fans in the front row of the audience irritated Waters to such an extent that he spat at one of them. He was not the only person who felt depressed about playing to such large audiences, as Gilmour refused to perform a third encore.[43][44] Waters later spoke with producer Bob Ezrin and told him of his sense of alienation on the tour, and how he sometimes felt like building a wall to separate himself from the audience. The spitting incident would later form the basis of a new concept,[43] which would eventually become one of the band's most successful album releases, The Wall.

Track listing
All lead vocals performed by Roger Waters, except where noted

All songs written and composed by Roger Waters, except where noted.

Side one

No.

Title

Music

Lead vocals

Length

1. "Pigs on the Wing 1"      1:25 2. "Dogs"  Waters, Gilmour Gilmour, Waters 17:03

Total length: 18:28

Side two

No.

Title

Music

Lead vocals

Length

1. "Pigs (Three Different Ones)"      11:25 2. "Sheep"      10:25 3. "Pigs on the Wing 2"      1:23

Total length: 23:13

Personnel
Pink Floyd David Gilmour - lead guitar, lead vocals, rhythm and acoustic guitar on "Dogs", bass guitar on "Pigs (Three Different Ones)" and "Sheep", talk box on "Pigs (Three Different Ones)" Nick Mason - drums, percussion, tape effects Roger Waters - lead and harmony vocals, acoustic guitar on "Pigs on the Wing", rhythm guitar on "Pigs (Three Different Ones)" and "Sheep", tape effects, vocoder, bass guitar on "Dogs" Richard Wright - Hammond organ, electric piano, Minimoog, ARP string synthesizer, piano, clavinet, harmony vocals on "Dogs" ProductionPink Floyd Brian Humphries – engineering Roger Waters – sleeve design Storm Thorgerson – sleeve design (organiser) Aubrey Powell – sleeve design (organiser), photography Nick Mason – graphics Peter Christopherson – photography Howard Bartrop – photography Nic Tucker – photography Bob Ellis – photography Rob Brimson – photography Colin Jones – photography E. R. G. Amsterdam – inflatable pig design

Charts and certifications
Charts

Chart (1977)

Peak position

Australia (Kent Music Report)[45] 3 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[46] 2 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[47] 12 Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[48] 1 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[49] 1 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[50] 1 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[51] 2 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[52] 3 UK Albums (OCC)[53] 2 US Billboard 200[54] 3

Chart (2006)

Peak position

Italian Albums (FIMI)[55] 36

Chart (2010)

Peak position

Italian Albums (FIMI)[56] 79

Chart (2011)

Peak position

French Albums (SNEP)[57] 80 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[58] 37 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[59] 71

Chart (2012)

Peak position

Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[60] 76

Certifications

Region

Certification

Certified units/Sales

Austria (IFPI Austria)[61] Gold 25,000*

Canada (Music Canada)[62] 2× Platinum 200,000^

France (SNEP)[63] Platinum 0*

Germany (BVMI)[64] Platinum 500,000^

Italy (FIMI)[65] Gold 50,000*

United Kingdom (BPI)[66] Gold 100,000^

United States (RIAA)[67] 4× Platinum 4,000,000^

^shipments figures based on certification alone
 * sales figures based on certification alone