Rawhide (TV series)



Rawhide is an American Western TV series starring Eric Fleming and Clint Eastwood. The show aired for eight seasons on the CBS network on Friday nights, from January 9, 1959 to September 3, 1965, before moving to Tuesday nights from September 14, 1965 until January 4, 1966, with a total of 217 black-and-white episodes. The series was produced and sometimes directed by Charles Marquis Warren, who also produced early episodes of Gunsmoke.

Spanning seven and a half years, Rawhide was the sixth-longest-running American television Western, exceeded only by eight years of Wagon Train, nine years of The Virginian, fourteen years of Bonanza, eighteen years of Death Valley Days, and twenty years of Gunsmoke.

Synopsis
Set in the 1860s, Rawhide portrays the challenges faced by the drovers of a cattle drive. Most episodes are introduced with a monologue by Gil Favor (portrayed by Eric Fleming), the trail boss. In a typical Rawhide story, the drovers come upon people on the trail and are drawn into solving whatever problem they present or confront. Sometimes, one or more of the crew venture into a nearby town and encounter some trouble from which they need to be rescued. Rowdy Yates (Clint Eastwood) was young and at times impetuous in the earliest episodes, and Favor had to keep a tight rein on him. Favor was a savvy and strong leader who always played "square" with his fellow men - a tough customer who could handle the challenges and get the job done. (Producer Charles Warren called on the diary written in 1866 by trail boss George C. Duffield to shape the character of Favor.) Although Favor had the respect and loyalty of the men who worked for him, a few times, the people, including Yates, were insubordinate under him after working too hard or after receiving a tongue lashing. Favor had to fight at times and usually won. Some of the stories were obviously easier in production terms, but the peak form of the show was convincing and naturalistic, and sometimes brutal. Its situations could range from parched plains to anthrax, ghostly riders to wolves, cattle raiding, bandits, murderers, and so forth. A problem on such drives was the constant need for water, and the scout spent much of his time looking for it, sometimes finding that water holes and even rivers had dried up. In some ways, the show was similar to the TV series Wagon Train, which had debuted on NBC on September 18, 1957.

The series was not afraid to face tough issues. Robert Culp played an ex-soldier on the drive who had become dangerously addicted to morphine. Mexican drover Jesús faced racism at times (from people outside of the crew). Anger was still left over from the Civil War, which had ended only four years earlier; and the "Poco Tiempo" episode reveals that Rowdy's father's name was Dan, that Rowdy came from Southwestern Texas, and that he went off to war at 16 (being later held in a Union prison camp). Trail boss Favor had been a Confederate captain in the war. "Incident on the Edge of Madness" in season one, guest-starring Lon Chaney Jr., had Favor's old commanding officer attempting to enlist the aid of Favor and his men to start the "New Confederacy of Panama" much to Favor's dismay. In that same episode Favor and Nolan were revealed to have been in the Confederate forces up on Marye's Heights at the Battle of Fredericksburg, and they "felt shamed" at having to gun down so many Union soldiers. Some American Indians demanded cattle as payment for going through their land. Rough characters were in the shows, and in one episode Gil Favor was tortured by having his face held near a fire. In another episode, one titled "Incident of the Town in Terror," people thought a sick Rowdy Yates had "the plague" (anthrax) and guns were used to enforce quarantine of the cattle drovers outside the town. Also, cattle rustlers were around, including Commancheros.

The show could on occasions be eerily atmospheric. "Incident with an Executioner" featured a mysterious dark rider (Dan Duryea) seen on the hillside following the herd, "Incident of the Haunted Hills" featured a sacred Indian burial ground, "Incident of the Druid Curse" and season two's "Incident of the Murder Steer" (where anyone sighting a rogue steer with "Murder" carved on its side soon after dies, based on an actual legend of the Old West), plus episodes with ghost towns, cattle with horns lit up by St. Elmo's fire at dusk, with cowboys struck by lightning, plus a strange totally enclosed gypsy wagon, apparently steering itself, repeatedly turning up, all stand out as curiously "spooky" tales for a bustling dusty cattle drive; the show's often stark incidental music suited these stories perfectly.

In episode 67, "Incident Near the Promised Land" (most episode titles began with "Incident" until Bruce Geller and Bernard L. Kowalski became the producers for season six), the cattle drive finally reached Sedalia (for the first time in the series). Unusually, episode 68 continues on from that, where the cattle have been sold and the men celebrate in town and decide on their futures with even Favor thinking of leaving the business. Instead of the usual ending, wherein Gil Favor gives the command "Head 'em up! Move 'em out!" and the cattle move off, this episode had the end titles over a view of a Sedalia street. Episode 69 has Gil Favor visiting his two daughters, Gillian and Maggie, who live with their aunt Eleanor Bradley in Philadelphia. In episode 70, a number of the men are back together and heading back to San Antonio about 650 miles away, with a herd of horses (used in the titles) instead of cattle. Episode 71 has a new cattle drive ready to go, but the owner of 1600 of the cattle wants to be in charge, so Favor reluctantly signs on as a ramrod, but after problems, Favor becomes boss again at the end of the show. These five episodes made up one storyline instead of the usual single-episode stories which could have been set anywhere in the West.

Favor had many bad moments in the series, but none worse than the "Lost Herd" episode wherein, close to drive's finish, he wants to beat another herd to town to get the best prices. He takes a narrow shortcut; there is thunder and lightning, and the herd stampedes over the cliffs, leaving him just 9 out of 3000 cattle when the drive reaches town. He does not have the money to pay the drovers off and has to face the owner (Royal Dano) whose cattle he has lost, knowing that he might never work in the business again.

From the second season, episodes began to feature individual cast members, notably Clint Eastwood's Rowdy Yates (sole star in "Incident on the Day of The Dead" which opens season two); later, both Scout Pete Nolan (Sheb Wooley) and even cook G. W. Wishbone (Paul Brinegar) were featured as leads, while Eric Fleming's Gil Favor remained in overall charge.

Pete Nolan (Wooley), the scout, departs as a regular cast member after "The Deserter's Patrol" (season four, episode 18, 9 Feb 1962), but returns for a single episode "Reunion" (episode 26, 6 April 1962), and for a further nine episodes in season seven from "Texas Fever" (episode 18, 5 February 1965).

Charles H. Gray's character Clay Forester, having played a villain in three episodes of season four (from "The Inside Man", episode 6), then reforms and replaces Nolan as scout from "The Greedy Town" (season four, episode 19). Gray remained in the regular cast for the rest of seasons four and five (though in a number of later episodes he is credited but not seen). Clay Forrester reappeared later in "Incident of El Toro" in season six (episode 26, 9 April 1964).

Two other minor semiregular cast members were "Toothless" (William R. Thompkins) in seasons five and six, plus one season-seven appearance (sometimes uncredited), and "Yo Yo" (Paul Comi), who makes six appearances in season seven.

The eighth and final season had Eric Fleming controversially depart the series after an apparent disagreement with producers. Clint Eastwood was promoted to series star as Rowdy Yates finally became the trail boss (this was hinted at earlier, when several times Favor made it clear he was training the young ramrod to eventually "step into his boots" and become trail boss). The impression given is this was a later cattle drive with Yates now in charge, at a time after Favor had either "retired" or given up as boss, presumably having made his money or opted for a career change, since no mention is ever made onscreen of him or the reason for his absence in the final season's episodes, which had been exactly the case with the television show Wagon Train in the wake of series lead Ward Bond's abrupt death.

John Ireland as Jed Colby and Raymond St Jacques as Simon Blake also joined the regular cast at this time, plus semiregular minor cast member David Watson as Ian Cabot was added, but the revised format only lasted just a further 13 episodes before the series was suddenly axed in midseason.

Cast members
Regular cast members included:
 * Eric Fleming as trailboss Gil Favor (seasons 1 to 7)
 * Clint Eastwood as ramrod Rowdy Yates (seasons 1 to 7) (and trailboss in season 8)
 * Sheb Wooley as scout Pete Nolan (seasons 1 to 4, later season 7 nine episodes)
 * Paul Brinegar as the cantankerous cook, George Washington Wishbone
 * Robert Cabal as the wrangler, Jesús "Hey Soos" Patines (seasons 1 to 7)
 * James Murdock as the cook's unfortunate assistant, Harkness "Mushy" Mushgrove III (seasons 1 to 7)
 * Steve Raines as drover Jim Quince (ramrod in season 8)
 * Rocky Shahan as drover Joe Scarlet (seasons 1 to 7)
 * Don C. Harvey as drover Collins (seasons 1 to 4)
 * John Erwin as drover Teddy (seasons 1 to 4, 6 to 7)
 * John Hart as drover Narbo (season 4, one appearance in season 7)
 * John Cole as drover Bailey (seasons 1 to 6, uncredited)
 * John Ireland as Jed Colby (season 8 only)
 * Raymond St. Jacques as rider Simon Blake (season 8 only)
 * Charles H. Gray as Clay Forrester (seasons 4 and 5 only, one appearance in season 6)
 * William R. Thompkins as drover Toothless Jeffries (seasons 5, 6, one appearance in season 7)
 * Paul Comi as Yo Yo (season 7 only)
 * David Watson as Ian Cabot (season 8 only)

Notable guest stars

 * Nick Adams
 * Claude Akins
 * Rico Alaniz
 * Eddie Albert
 * Chris Alcaide
 * Michael Ansara
 * Mary Astor
 * Frankie Avalon
 * Phyllis Avery
 * Roy Barcroft
 * John Drew Barrymore
 * Richard Basehart
 * Charles Bateman
 * Shelley Berman
 * James Best
 * Robert Blake
 * Beau Bridges
 * Charles Bronson
 * Rory Calhoun
 * McDonald Carey
 * Timothy Carey
 * Conlan Carter
 * John Cassavetes
 * Lon Chaney, Jr.
 * James Coburn
 * Pat Conway
 * Elisha Cook, Jr.
 * Ben Cooper
 * Jeff Corey
 * Walter Coy
 * Broderick Crawford
 * Robert L. Crawford, Jr.
 * Linda Cristal
 * Dennis Cross
 * Robert Culp
 * Royal Dano
 * John Dehner
 * Bruce Dern
 * Laura Devon
 * Troy Donahue
 * James Drury
 * Brian Donlevy
 * Dan Duryea
 * Buddy Ebsen
 * Barbara Eden
 * Jack Elam
 * Jean Engstrom
 * Jena Engstrom
 * Leif Erickson
 * Gene Evans
 * Roger Ewing
 * Sally Forrest
 * Steve Forrest
 * Ron Foster
 * Anne Francis
 * Dean Fredericks
 * Beverly Garland
 * Jock Gaynor
 * Billy Gray
 * Dorothy Green
 * Tom Greenway
 * Kevin Hagen
 * Ron Hagerthy
 * Alan Hale, Jr.
 * James Hampton
 * Ron Hayes
 * Peter Helm
 * Charles Herbert
 * Dwayne Hickman
 * Earl Holliman
 * Sherry Jackson
 * Rick Jason
 * I. Stanford Jolley
 * Don Keefer
 * Brian Keith
 * DeForest Kelley
 * Douglas Kennedy
 * George Kennedy
 * Wright King
 * Frankie Laine
 * Martin Landau
 * Harry Lauter
 * Ruta Lee
 * Suzanne Lloyd
 * June Lockhart
 * Robert Loggia
 * Julie London
 * Jack Lord
 * Peter Lorre
 * Gavin MacLeod
 * Jock Mahoney
 * Dean Martin
 * Carole Mathews
 * Frank Maxwell
 * Mercedes McCambridge
 * Victor McLaglen
 * Eve McVeagh
 * Tyler McVey
 * Darren McGavin
 * Burgess Meredith
 * Robert Middleton
 * Vera Miles
 * Martin Milner
 * Gerald Mohr
 * Elizabeth Montgomery
 * Terry Moore
 * Agnes Moorehead
 * Ed Nelson
 * Leslie Nielsen
 * Leonard Nimoy
 * Simon Oakland
 * Warren Oates
 * Susan Oliver
 * Joan O'Brien
 * Margaret O'Brien
 * J. Pat O'Malley
 * Dan O'Herlihy
 * Debra Paget
 * Luana Patten
 * Walter Pidgeon
 * Edward Platt
 * Cesar Romero
 * Mickey Rooney
 * Marion Ross
 * William Schallert
 * Robert F. Simon
 * Quintin Sondergaard
 * Harry Dean Stanton
 * Barbara Stanwyck
 * Bob Steele
 * Woody Strode
 * Barbara Stuart
 * Olive Sturgess
 * Gloria Talbott
 * William Tannen
 * Carol Thurston
 * Rip Torn
 * Lee Van Cleef
 * John Vivyan
 * Robert J. Wilke
 * Chill Wills
 * Marie Windsor
 * Ed Wynn
 * Dick York

Production notes
Series producer Charles Marquis Warren based Rawhide on three sources:
 * Cattle Empire, the movie that he directed in 1955 and for which Endre Bohem was a screenwriter and Paul Brinegar, Steve Raines and Rocky Shahan were actors; all also worked in Rawhide.
 * Chisholm Trail, the classic novel by Borden Chase that inspired the epic motion picture Red River starring John Wayne and Montgomery Clift.
 * The diary of trail boss George C. Duffield, written during a cattle drive from San Antonio to Sedalia in 1866. The narrations with which Gil Favor begins each episode are similar in style and breadth to the entries in Duffield's journal, lending the show an extra measure of authenticity.

The premiere episode of Rawhide reached the top 20 in the Nielsen ratings.

The show had a grueling production schedule, being mostly weekly with a three- to four-month break between seasons. After the first season of 22 episodes, seasons 2–7 were each 30 episodes. Often, the only way the lead actors could get a break was if they were said to be off on business. On rare occasions, the show would feature a small number of the actors and some misfortune, maybe in a town, which would give the others time off.

Eric Fleming drowned at the age of 41 when a canoe flipped over on location while filming the movie High Jungle in 1966.

Theme song
The theme song's lyrics were written by Ned Washington in 1958. It was composed by Dimitri Tiomkin and sung by pop singer Frankie Laine. The theme song became very popular, and was covered several times and featured in movies such as The Blues Brothers and Shrek 2.

Title sequence
The title sequence was animated by Ken Mundie of DePatie-Freleng Enterprises. (Final Season)

Home video releases
CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released all eight seasons of Rawhide on DVD in Region 1.

On May 12, 2015, CBS DVD released Rawhide- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.

In Region 2, Rawhide has been released in Scandinavia. Season 1, by Noble Entertainment, two boxes, 2009-2010. Season one re-releasing in January 2014 by Soulmedia. Season 2 and season 3, by Soulmedia (season 2 in two boxes, and season 3 in four boxes). No more seasons will be released in Scandinavia.

Revelation Films has released the first three seasons on DVD in the UK. Season 4 will be released on March 23, 2015, followed by season 5 on June 22, 2015. They are released as complete season sets rather than two volumes.

In Region 4, Madman Entertainment has released all eight seasons on DVD in Australia. Each season in one box. Season 8, the Final Season, was released on October 5, 2011. DVD releases play heavily on Clint Eastwood's later fame, depicting him in the foreground as the chief character and crediting: "Clint Eastwood in...", however the original show credits for seasons one to seven actually depict the late Eric Fleming (as Gil Favor) being the lead cast member, with Eastwood as co-star (excepting a few later episodes where Eastwood is the sole star).

On the Region 1 DVD sets, the episode "Incident of the Roman Candles" is included on both the Season One DVD set as well as the Season Two Volume One DVD set. Similarly, the episode "Abilene" is included on both the Season Four Volume Two DVD set as well as the Season Five Volume Two DVD set.

Books
In 1961, Signet Books published a paperback original novel called Rawhide by Frank C. Robertson based upon the television show. Eric Fleming as Gil Favor and Clint Eastwood as Rowdy Yates are both on the front cover of the book. The book follows Favor, Yates, Wishbone and others as they try to get their herd to Sedalia ahead of a rival's herd. The book was published multiple times with the last run printed in 1986.

Comics
The TV show was also adapted into a comic book by Dan Spiegle, distributed by Dell Comics.