Minnie the Moocher


 * For the Betty Boop cartoon, see Minnie the Moocher (Betty Boop cartoon).



"Minnie the Moocher" is a jazz song first recorded in 1931 by Cab Calloway and His Orchestra, selling over a million copies. "Minnie the Moocher" is most famous for its nonsensical ad libbed ("scat") lyrics (for example, "Hi De Hi De Hi De Hi"). In performances, Calloway would have the audience participate by repeating each scat phrase in a form of call and response. Eventually Calloway's phrases would become so long and complex that the audience would laugh at their own failed attempts to repeat them.

"Minnie the Moocher" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999.

Basis
The song is based both musically and lyrically on Frankie "Half-Pint" Jaxon's 1927 "Willie the Weeper" (Bette Davis sings this version in The Cabin in the Cotton).

The lyrics are heavily laden with drug references. The character "Smokey" is described as "cokey", meaning a user of cocaine; the phrase "kicking the gong around" was a slang reference to smoking opium.

The November 22, 1951 issue of Jet magazine gives this account of the "Minnie" on whom the song was based:

Extended version
Calloway also wrote an extended version, adding verses that describe Minnie and Smokey going to jail; Minnie pays Smokey's bail, but he abandons her there. Another verse describes her tempting "Deacon Lowdown" when she "wiggled her jelly roll at him".

Finally, they took Minnie to "where they put the crazies", where she dies. This explains why both the short version and the long version end with the words "Poor Min, poor Min".

Other references to Minnie
Minnie herself is mentioned in a number of other Cab Calloway songs, including "Minnie the Moocher's Wedding Day", "Ghost of Smoky Joe", "Kickin' the Gong Around", "Minnie's a Hepcat Now", "Mister Paganini - Swing for Minnie", "We Go Well Together", and "Zah Zuh Zaz". Some of these songs indicate that Minnie's boyfriend Smoky was named Smoky Joe as well.

A number of Cab Calloway albums are called Minnie the Moocher. In 1932 the Boswell sisters did their own jazz version of Minnie The Moocher's Wedding Day.

In the 1935 Marx Brothers' film A Night at the Opera, Groucho Marx famously quipped, "You're willing to pay him a thousand dollars a night just for singing? Why, you can get a phonograph record of 'Minnie the Moocher' for 75 cents. And for a buck and a quarter, you can get Minnie."

Jeffrey Lewis referenced "Minnie the Moocher" in his song "Mini-Theme: Moocher from the Future" from his 2009 album 'Em Are I.

In 1931, the same year that Calloway recorded the first version of Minnie, his sister Blanche (who performed as Blanche Calloway with her "Joy Boys") recorded "Growlin' Dan", in which Minnie is evoked, along with a variation on Calloway's "hi-di-ho".

In 1940, The Dandridge Sisters performed the Jimmie Lunceford song "Minnie the Moocher is Dead".

Calloway appeared in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers and sang a shortened version "Minnie The Moocher", in the original style of big band.

Films
Calloway performed the song in the 1955 movie Rhythm and Blues Revue, filmed at the Apollo Theater. Much later, in 1980 at age 73, Calloway performed the song in the movie The Blues Brothers. Calloway's character Curtis, a church janitor and the Blues Brothers' mentor, magically transforms the band into a 1930s swing band and sings "Minnie the Moocher" when the crowd becomes impatient at the beginning of the movie's climactic production number. According to director John Landis in the 1998 documentary The Stories Behind the Making of 'The Blues Brothers', Calloway initially wanted to do a disco variation on his signature tune, having done the song in several styles in the past, but Landis insisted that the song be done faithful to the original big band version.

In the 1979 film Escape to Athena, Stefanie Powers sings "Minnie the Moocher" for an audience of German officers in a POW camp.

The band The Mystic Knights of Oingo Boingo performed the song in the Richard Elfman film Forbidden Zone, with altered lyrics and titled "Squeezit the Moocher", after one of the movie's characters, Squeezit Henderson. Danny Elfman, playing a rather vaudevillian Satan, sings the song as his band (other members of Oingo Boingo at the time) respond to his calls. Oogie Boogie's song from The Nightmare Before Christmas, which Elfman composed the music for, is also similar to "Minnie the Moocher".

The popular refrain is performed by a funeral band in the 1999 film Double Jeopardy

The song is played multiple times in the early stages of the 2013 film Magic Magic starring Juno Temple.

Animation
In 1932, Calloway recorded the song for a Fleischer Studios Talkartoon short cartoon, also called Minnie the Moocher, starring Betty Boop and Bimbo, and released on March 11, 1932. Calloway and his band provide most of the short's score and themselves appear in a live-action introduction, playing "Prohibition Blues". The thirty-second live-action segment is the earliest-known film footage of Calloway. In the cartoon, Betty decides to run away from her parents - who insist that she eat something despite the fact that she doesn't want to eat (to the Harry Von Tilzer tune "They Always Pick on Me"), and Bimbo comes with her.

While walking away from home, Betty and Bimbo wind up in a spooky area and hide in a hollow tree. A spectral walrus — whose gyrations were rotoscoped from footage of Calloway dancing — appears to them, and begins to sing "Minnie the Moocher", with many fellow ghosts following along, during which they do scary things like place ghosts on electric chairs who still survive after the shock, and a cat feeding her kittens so much milk that they grow big immediately while the mother become so thin and dies. After singing the whole number, the ghosts chase Betty and Bimbo all the way back to Betty's home. While Betty is hiding under the covers of her bedsheets, her runaway note is torn up and the remaining letters read "Home Sweet Home". In 1933 another Betty Boop/Cab Calloway cartoon with "Minnie the Moocher" was The Old Man of the Mountain.

The 1933 Pooch the Pup cartoon She Done Him Right also features the song "Minnie the Moocher's Wedding Day". It was sung by the night club singer whom Pooch is in love with.

In "Blue Harvest", the kickoff episode of the sixth season of Family Guy, "Minnie the Moocher" is played while Han Solo (Peter Griffin) and Luke Skywalker (Chris Griffin) disguise themselves as stormtroopers to lead Obi-Wan Kenobi (Herbert), Chewbacca (Brian Griffin), C-3PO (Glenn Quagmire) and R2-D2 (Cleveland Brown) away from the Millennium Falcon to infiltrate the Death Star, coolly walking so as not to be noticed by the stormtrooper guards. This is a direct reference to the film The Blues Brothers, as Jake and Elwood Blues try to sneak past the police officers at their concert. Peter also sings the song in his car in the season 12 episode "Finders Keepers."

Notable performances
"Minnie the Moocher" has been covered or simply referenced by many other performers. Its refrain, particularly the call and response, is part of the language of American jazz. At the Cab Calloway School of the Arts, which is named for the singer, students perform "Minnie the Moocher" as a traditional part of talent showcases.

In 1967, the song was covered again by an Australian band, The Cherokees. A version by the Reggae Philharmonic Orchestra made #35 in the UK charts late in 1988. Tupac Shakur and Chopmaster J made a hip hop version of the song in 1989. The song can be found on Beginnings: The Lost Tapes 1988–1991 from 2007. A contemporary swing band, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, recorded a cover on their 1998 album, Americana Deluxe. L.A.-based new wave/rock band Oingo Boingo has covered this song, as well as other Cab Calloway songs, during live performances throughout their career, dating back to their years as Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo.

On January 19, 2001, Wyclef Jean opened his "All Star Jam @ Carnegie Hall" concert with this number, walking to the stage from the back of the audience, dressed all in white. The song "The Mighty O" by Outkast is heavily inspired by the song.

English Singer/Songwriter Robbie Williams, famed (and often light heartedly ridiculed) for his frequent tendency to engage in Call and Response with his audience. As a tongue in cheek retort to the criticism, he performed Minnie the Moocher on the Take the Crown Stadium Tour, albeit changing the lyrics to be about himself. He then released a studio recording of the song on his 10th Studio Album Robbie Williams Swings Both Ways.

In film and television
In the 1980 film The Blues Brothers, Cab Calloway memorably reprises the song at the fundraising concert at the Palace Hotel Ballroom. It was performed in the 1984 Francis Ford Coppola movie The Cotton Club by Larry Marshall as Cab Calloway. K7 sampled the "Hi-De-Ho" section of "Minnie the Moocher" in his song of the same name, which was notably used in the 1994 film The Mask. Puerto Rican rapper Tego Calderón quoted the basic melody of the song—a favorite of his late father—as the beat used in his first hit, "Abayarde".

During a performance on the first season of American Idol, Tamyra Gray performed this song on "Big Band" night.

Hugh Laurie, in a 2006 interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, stated that his charity cover band, Band from TV, has the most popular recording of "Minnie the Moocher" available on the iTunes Store. Laurie also performs a part of the song in the first episode of the British comedy television series Jeeves and Wooster, playing the role of Bertie Wooster, duetting with Reginald Jeeves, played by Stephen Fry. The episode first aired in 1990, but it is unsure exactly when it was set, as the overall setting for this show is given as the 1920s and 1930s. A recording was later released on the Jeeves and Wooster soundtrack.

Opera singer Grace Moore performed the song in the 1937 film When You're in Love, in a departure from her usual style.

Although it is not heard, the song is mentioned by name in the 1991 Sylvester Stallone movie, Oscar.

It is performed on screen with video of Cab at every New York Jets home game.