The Six Wives of Henry VIII (album)



The Six Wives of Henry VIII is the first studio album by the English keyboardist Rick Wakeman, released in January 1973 on A&M Records. It is an instrumental progressive rock album with its concept based on his interpretations of the musical characteristics of the six wives of Henry VIII. After signing with A&M as a solo artist, Wakeman decided on the album's concept during a tour of the United States as a member of the rock band Yes. As he read a book about the subject on his travels, melodies he had written the previous year came to him and were noted down. Musicians from Yes and from Strawbs, the group Wakeman was in prior to Yes, also play on the album.

The Six Wives of Henry VIII received mostly positive reviews from critics. It reached number 7 on the UK Albums Chart and number 30 on the Billboard 200 in the United States. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1975 for over 500,000 copies sold in the United States. In 2009, Wakeman performed the album in its entirety for the first time live at Hampton Court Palace as part of the 500th anniversary celebration of Henry's accession to the throne. The tracks were rearranged with sections, including a track dedicated to Henry himself, that were left off the original album due to the limited time available on a single vinyl. The album was reissued in 2015 with a quadraphonic sound mix and bonus tracks.

Background
In August 1971, Rick Wakeman joined Yes following the departure of their original keyboardist Tony Kaye. Towards the end of the year, he signed a five album deal as a solo artist with A&M Records. In early 1972, while on tour of the United States to promote Fragile (1971), he bought four books at an airport bookstall in Richmond, Virginia, one of them being The Private Life of Henry VIII by Nancy Brysson Morrison. As he read about Anne Boleyn on the subsequent flight to Chicago, a theme he recorded in November 1971 ran through his mind. He often scribbled down pieces of music while travelling, but could not find a theme to put them to. Said Wakeman, "I had been searching for a style to write in and suddenly I found it in writing music about these six ladies...I would concentrate on one of the wives and then music just came into my head and I would write it down. Sometimes I was flying, other times I was on stage, or just in front of the piano at home...The "Six Wives" theme gave me the thread, the link, I needed to give me a reason for putting these pieces of music together." He explains the album's concept in its liner notes: "The album is based around my interpretations of the musical characteristics of the wives of Henry VIII. Although the style may not always be in keeping with their individual history, it is my personal conception of their characters in relation to keyboard instruments."

Recording
Recording for the album began in February 1972 with an advance of £4,000 from A&M Records. Seven musicians from Yes and Strawbs, the folk rock group Wakeman performed with prior to Yes, perform on the record. The basis of "Catherine of Aragon" was originally a piece that Wakeman wrote for Fragile titled "Handle With Care". Recorded at Trident Studios in London, the track features Yes's guitarist Steve Howe and bassist Chris Squire with percussionist Ray Cooper. While recording "Anne Boleyn" at Morgan Studios, featuring Yes drummer Bill Bruford, a dream Wakeman had about attending her execution caused him to include a version of "St. Clement", the tune to the hymn "The Day Thou Gavest, Lord, is Ended" written by John Ellerton. Though E. J. Hopkins is credited on the album, the piece is generally attributed to Reverend Clement Scholefield.

By the time production began on "Catherine Howard", engineer Ken Scott was replaced by Paul Tregurtha. Strawbs member Chas Cronk, who plays the bass guitar on the track, recalled the "total confusion" during the recording and "couldn't make head or tail of what [we] were doing. We were going through it part by part and I couldn't see how all the parts were going to match up." He noted that Rick "knew exactly what he was going to do although he had nothing written down. It was all stored in his head." The organ on "Jane Seymour" was recorded at St Giles-without-Cripplegate church in London. "I couldn't reproduce the sound I needed on an electronic organ, so we got permission to move the recording equipment into St Giles," said Wakeman. "It was quite an experience playing a lovely instrument like that." Wakeman describes "Anne of Cleves" as a "rather free-form" track, "almost having no form at all, there was a contradiction in what everyone was playing. The guys in the band thought I was completely barking, but it had to be like that."

The album was to be titled Henry VIII and His Six Wives with a track dedicated for Henry himself, but Wakeman claimed that he recorded the tracks on the wives first and had used up the space available on a vinyl record. The track was then discarded and the album renamed. When recording ended in October 1972, the final cost for the record had reached around £25,000. Wakeman described working on the record as "difficult and cumbersome", but said that the album was a "finally rewarding project". The album's cover photograph was taken at Madame Tussauds wax museum in London, where a figure of Richard Nixon can be seen in the background as the curtain was not fully closed.

Release and reception
The Six Wives of Henry VIII launched on television in the United Kingdom on 16 January 1973, with Wakeman performing excerpts of the album on the BBC 2 music show The Old Grey Whistle Test. An audience of around 10 million planned to watch a controversial film about American pop figure Andy Warhol on ITV, but was temporarily banned for screening. As Wakeman noted, "It seems most of them, rather than watch repeats, switched over to Whistle Test and saw my preview of "Henry"...and suddenly it seemed as if the whole country had discovered my music...it was a tremendous break."

Following the album's release on 23 January 1973, it topped the album charts in four countries. It peaked at number 7 on the UK Albums Chart and number 30 on Billboard 200 in the United States. By July 1973, the record had sold 300,000 copies. A year later Wakeman was presented a platinum record at the Midem Festival for sales exceeding two million. The figure grew to six million after five years, and the album went on to sell an estimated 15 million copies overall. The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on 20 October 1975 for 500,000 copies sold in the United States. On In February 2015, the album re-entered the UK chart for one week at number 86.

The album received some negative reaction upon its release. Wakeman recalled "dreadful reviews" and management at A&M calling the record "unsellable" since it was an instrumental concept album. An initial 12,500 copies were pressed by A&M in hope of earning back the money used for production. Though the album was seen by some as one of the worst examples of the progressive rock genre, the record was well received by others. Time magazine named it one of the best pop albums of 1973, describing the album as "an astonishing classic-rock hybrid". Steve Apple wrote a review for Rolling Stone in 1973, noting Wakeman had "made his bid for Keith Emerson's place as the master of keyboard electronics" but thought his playing suffered a little in technique. Apple noticed "a brilliant feel for tasteful impressionistic composition", having made "an exceptionally interesting instrumental album with superb production". He also praised the production and mixing, and picked "Catherine Howard" as the album's best track. Mike DeGange of AllMusic described Wakeman's use of his synthesizers as "masterful" and "instrumentally stunning", and rated the album 4.5 out of 5.

2009 Hampton Court performances
In 1973, Wakeman wrote a letter asking to perform the album live at Hampton Court Palace. He was denied permission, and "got the impression that what [he] had asked was tantamount to treason". The show was never held until he was asked to perform the album in its entirety for the 500th anniversary to Henry's accession to the throne, 36 years later. A stage was constructed outside the main palace entrance to seat 5,000 people. Wakeman performed with his band The English Rock Ensemble, the English Chamber Choir and the Orchestra Europa, on 1 and 2 May 2009. Featured in the setlist was "Defender of the Faith", the track Wakeman wrote about Henry before it was omitted from the album due to time constraints. The shows were released on CD, DVD and Blu-ray titled The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace on 5 October that year.

Track listing
All tracks written by Wakeman. "Anne Boleyn" incorporates "The Day Thou Gavest Lord Hath Ended" written by Rev. Clement Cotteril Scholefield, arr. Wakeman.

Personnel

 * Wakeman's instruments and equipment
 * 2 Minimoog synthesisers
 * 2 400-D Mellotrons (one for vocals, sound effects and vibes; the other for brass, strings and flutes)
 * Frequency counter
 * Custom mixer
 * Steinway 9' grand piano
 * Custom-built Hammond C-3 organ
 * RMI electric piano and harpsichord
 * ARP synthesiser
 * Thomas Goff harpsichord
 * Church organ at St Giles-without-Cripplegate


 * Additional musicians


 * Bill Bruford – drums on "Catherine of Aragon" and "Anne Boleyn"
 * Ray Cooper – percussion on "Catherine of Aragon" and "Anne Boleyn"
 * Dave Cousins – electric banjo on "Catherine Howard"
 * Chas Cronk – bass guitar on "Catherine Howard"
 * Barry de Souza – drums on "Catherine Howard"
 * Mike Egan – guitar on "Catherine of Aragon", "Anne of Cleves", "Anne Boleyn", and "Catherine Parr"
 * Steve Howe – guitar on "Catherine of Aragon"
 * Les Hurdle – bass guitar on "Catherine of Aragon" and "Anne Boleyn"
 * Dave Lambert – guitar on "Catherine Howard"


 * Laura Lee – vocals on "Anne Boleyn"
 * Sylvia McNeill – vocals on "Anne Boleyn"
 * Judy Powell – vocals on "Catherine of Aragon"
 * Frank Ricotti – percussion on "Anne of Cleves", "Catherine Howard", and "Catherine Parr"
 * Chris Squire – bass guitar on "Catherine of Aragon"
 * Barry St. John – vocals on "Catherine of Aragon"
 * Liza Strike – vocals on "Catherine of Aragon" and "Anne Boleyn"
 * Alan White – drums on "Anne of Cleves", "Jane Seymour", and "Catherine Parr"
 * Dave Winter – bass guitar on "Anne of Cleves" and "Catherine Parr"


 * Production and design
 * Ken Scott – engineer on "Catherine of Aragon" and "Catherine Parr"
 * Paul Tregurtha – engineer, mixer on "Anne of Cleves", "Catherine Howard", "Jane Seymour", and "Anne Boleyn"
 * Pete Flanagan – assistant engineer
 * David Hentschel (credited as "Dave Henshall") – mixer on "Catherine Parr"
 * Michael Doud – art director
 * Ken Carroll – design
 * Bruce Rae – cover photograph
 * Ruan O'Lochlainn – inside photograph
 * Published by Rondor Music