Papa Was a Rollin' Stone



"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" is a psychedelic soul song, written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971. This version of "Papa" was released as a single in early 1972 and peaked at #63 on the Pop Charts and #24 on the R&B Charts, and was included on The Undisputed Truth's 1973 album Law of the Land.

Later that year, Whitfield, who also produced the song, took "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" and remade it as a 12-minute record for The Temptations, which was a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and won three Grammy Awards in 1973. While the original Undisputed Truth version of the song has been largely forgotten, The Temptations' version of the song has been an enduring and influential soul classic. It was ranked number 168 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, one of the group's three songs on the list. In retrospect, The Temptations' Otis Williams considers "Papa" to be the last real classic the group recorded (it would be the Temptations' last number one hit and would win them their second and final Grammy Award in a competitive category).

Overview
Beginning with an extended instrumental introduction (3:53 in length), each of the song's three verses is separated by extended musical passages, in which Whitfield brings various instrumental textures in and out of the mix. A solo plucked bass guitar part, backed by hi-hat cymbals drumming, establishes the musical theme, a simple three-note figure; the bass is gradually joined by other instruments, including a blues guitar, wah-wah guitar, Wurlitzer Electric Piano notes, handclaps, horns, and strings; all are tied together by the ever-present bass guitar line and repeating hi-hat rhythm. A very unusual thing about this song is that it uses only one chord throughout — B-flat minor.

Vocal jobs are performed in a true ensemble style: Temptations singers Dennis Edwards, Melvin Franklin, Richard Street (who was a frequent fill-in for Paul Williams and his eventual replacement) and Damon Harris (who had replaced Eddie Kendricks as the group's falsetto singer the previous year) alternate vocal lines, taking the role of siblings questioning their mother about their now-deceased father; their increasingly pointed questions, and the mother's repeated response ("Papa was a rollin' stone/wherever he laid his hat was his home/and when he died, all he left us was alone") paint a somber picture for the children who have never seen their father and have "never heard nothing but bad things about him."

Friction arose during the recording of "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" for a number of reasons. The Temptations did not like the fact that Whitfield's instrumentation had been getting more emphasis than their vocals on their songs at the time, and that they had to press Whitfield to get him to produce ballads for the group. Norman Whitfield forced Dennis Edwards to re-record his parts dozens of times until he finally got the angered, bitter grumble he desired out of the usually fiery-toned Edwards. Whitfield's treatment of the group eventually led to his dismissal as their producer. Although legend was that Edwards was angered by the song's first verse: "It was the third of September/That day I'll always remember/'cause that was the day/that my daddy died", as his father was said to have died on that date. It actually was on the third of October, however.

The guitar parts were played by a young Paul Warren and Melvin "Wah-Wah Watson" Ragin The Temptations' version of "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" followed in the extended-length "cinematic soul" tradition of the work of Isaac Hayes and others, and future songs like Donna Summer's fourteen-minute "Love to Love You Baby" and the instrumentals of MFSB expanded upon the concept in the mid-1970s.

Release and awards
A seven-minute edited version of "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" was released as a single in September 1972. For this mix, congas were added to bolster the song's sparse percussion; this version appeared on the 1973 Anthology triple LP. The Temptations' box set Emperors of Soul has the edited version in stereo, but without the congas. The B-side was the instrumental backing by The Funk Brothers without the Temptations' vocals (except for a single "Unngh!" at the end of the second verse). "Papa" rose to number one on the U.S. pop charts and number five on the U.S. R&B charts, becoming the Temptations' final pop number-one hit. The song, the anchor of the 1972 Temptations album All Directions, won three 1973 Grammys: its a-side won for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group; its B-side won for Best R&B Instrumental (awarded to Whitfield and arranger/conductor Paul Riser); and Whitfield and Barrett Strong won for Best R&B Song as the song's composers.

Notable covers and remixes
A number of notable covers of "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" have been recorded:
 * The Pioneers made a rocksteady cover of this song on a 1973 single produced by Joe Gibbs.
 * Issac Hayes and Charlotte Kelly (of Soul II Soul) recorded a version of this song. In January 1995, they also performed the song live on Taratata.
 * The record producer and remixer Dr. Heinz Funkenpumpe released a remix of The Pioneers version in 2009.
 * Bill "Wolf" Wolfer created an electronic cover of the number for his 1982 debut album, Wolf. The single peaked at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1983. Michael Jackson provided backing vocals.
 * Luis Miguel recorded a Spanish-language version during the recording sessions of Soy como quiero ser in 1987. It remains unreleased.
 * The group Was (Not Was) covered the song on their 1990 album Are You Okay?, and their version reached number 12 in the UK.
 * George Michael performed the song during the Cover to Cover tour in 1991, where it was blended with the Adamski hit "Killer". It was released on the EP Five Live. This arrangement was also performed by Seal.
 * In the "Battle of the Groups" segment of the TV special Motown Returns to the Apollo in 1985 the Four Tops sang the coda, much to the (feigned) outrage of the Temptations. Levi Stubbs, leader of the Tops, responded, "I know this is your song, Temps, but get on out the way because we're going to sing it. So get on out the way". As soon as they finished, the Temptations responded by singing the Tops' hit, "Baby I Need Your Loving".
 * The rap group Run-D.M.C. re-worked and sampled "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" for their song "Papa Crazy", off their 1988 album Tougher Than Leather.
 * David Lindley and his band El Rayo-X covered the song on their 1988 album Very Greasy.
 * The song was parodied by comedian Bob Rivers in 1994 on Twisted Tunes: 1994 The Year in Review as "Grandpa Loved the Rolling Stones".
 * The song was covered by Los Lobos in 1999 on DET Live! Vol. 1 Exclusive Live Performances from the Studios of WDET-FM.
 * Lisa Fischer recorded the song and the version was featured on A Twist of Motown in 2003.
 * Rockapella performed the song on their concert album Live in Japan (2004); it is a staple at their live shows. George Baldi III, the current bass for Rockapella, sings lead.
 * Lee Ritenour, Chris Botti, Kenya Hathaway, Grady Harrell, Taylor Dayne, and Nathan East recorded the song and the version on the album Overtime in 2005.
 * This song was covered in the episode 33 of Live from Daryl's House, featuring Daryl Hall and the group Train, on August 15, 2010.
 * Phil Collins' 2010 Motown-covers album Going Back includes a cover of the song.
 * Craig David recorded a version on his 2010 cover album Signed Sealed Delivered.
 * The song was covered by David Hernandez on American Idol (2008) during the top 10 males week and by Allison Iraheta in 2009 during Motown week.
 * Sublime's song "Same in the End" references the song: "Daddy was a rolling rolling stone, he rolled away one day and he never came home".
 * Ugly Kid Joe covered the song for their 2015 release Uglier Than They Used ta Be with Dallas Frasca on guest vocals.
 * Marcus Miller included his version of the song on his 2015 album Afrodeezia.
 * Rare Earth also covered "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", one of the very few all white bands signed by Motown, but the only one with major success, and number one hits.
 * In 1997, the instrumental part of this song was sampled in the song of Montenegrin singer Knez with lyrics "Automatic".

The Temptations version
{|class="wikitable"

Remix version
!Charts (1987) !Peak position
 * UK (Official Charts Company)
 * style="text-align:center;"|31
 * }
 * }

Undisputed Truth version

 * Lead and background vocals by Joe Harris, Billie Rae Calvin, and Brenda Joyce

Temptations version

 * Lead vocals by Dennis Edwards, Melvin Franklin, Richard Street, and Damon Harris
 * Background vocals by Dennis Edwards, Melvin Franklin, Richard Street, Damon Harris, and Otis Williams
 * Arranged and conducted by Paul Riser
 * Instrumental by The Funk Brothers and The Detroit Symphony Orchestra